13. Commitments and Contingencies

Indemnification Agreements

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnification of varying scopes and terms to vendors, lessors, business partners and other parties with respect to certain matters including, but not limited to, losses arising out of breach of such agreements or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. In addition, the Company has entered into indemnification agreements with the board of directors that will require the Company, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors. The maximum potential amount of future payments the Company could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is, in many cases, unlimited. To date, the Company has not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnifications. The Company is not aware of any indemnification arrangements that could have a material effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows, and it has not accrued any liabilities related to such obligations in its consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings or other litigation relating to claims arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and that such expenditures can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required to determine both probability and estimated exposure amount. Legal fees and other costs associated with such proceedings are expensed as incurred. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company was not a party to any material legal proceedings or claims.

NeuroPace Master Services Agreement and Statement of Work

In November 2023, the Company entered into a master services agreement (the “NeuroPace Agreement”) with NeuroPace Inc. (“NeuroPace”), the manufacturer and distributor of the RNS system. Pursuant to the NeuroPace Agreement and in accordance with statement of work agreements entered into from time to time, NeuroPace provides the Company with certain services with respect to data from the RNS systems used in our clinical trials. The NeuroPace Agreement also grants the Company a royalty-free, worldwide, exclusive, non-transferable license to all data collected by the RNS systems in its Phase 2a clinical trial and the outcomes of algorithms that are applied to such data, as well as the ability to publish the outcomes of algorithms, subject to certain conditions. The consideration the Company will pay to NeuroPace for such services is set out in each statement of work agreement.

The NeuroPace Agreement contains an exclusivity provision providing that, at any time while providing services under the NeuroPace Agreement and for a period after the final clinical study report, NeuroPace may not perform any services that are the

same as the services covered by the NeuroPace Agreement to any business that directly competes with us, subject to the specific terms of the NeuroPace Agreement. The NeuroPace Agreement also contains standard representations and warranties, confidentiality and intellectual property protective provisions and indemnification terms.

The NeuroPace Agreement expires on the later of three years from the effective date or the completion of all services under all statement of work agreements entered into prior to the third anniversary of the effective date. Either party may terminate the NeuroPace Agreement or any statement of work agreement (i) without cause by giving written notice to the other party within a specified period of time, (ii) by giving written notice upon a curable material breach that is not remediated within a specified period of time, or (iii) immediately upon written notice in the event of a material breach that cannot be cured.

Concurrently with the execution of the NeuroPace Agreement, the parties also entered into an initial statement of work under the NeuroPace Agreement, as amended in March 2024 (the “NeuroPace SOW”), pursuant to which NeuroPace agreed to provide services related to the Company’s Phase 2a clinical trial of RAP-219, including, among other things, clinical trial readiness support, identification of potential patients satisfying the enrollment criteria and RNS system data reporting and data analysis. Pursuant to the payment schedule set out in the NeuroPace SOW, we will pay NeuroPace an aggregate of up to $3.7 million over a period of approximately two years in connection with NeuroPace’s provision of services and achievement of certain patient enrollment and deliverable milestones. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company paid NeuroPace $0.6 million and recognized $1.8 million in research and development expense for services performed, resulting in a prepaid expense balance of $0.3 million as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, $1.5 million was recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheet.

About Commitments Disclosures

Commitments and contingencies disclosures catalog a company's off-balance-sheet obligations and legal exposures — purchase commitments, guarantee arrangements, pending litigation, and regulatory proceedings. These items represent potential future cash outflows that may not appear as liabilities on the balance sheet until they become probable and estimable.

Key signals: litigation reserves and disclosed loss ranges quantify management's estimate of legal exposure, but unquantified "reasonably possible" losses often represent the larger risk. Watch for changes in language around pending cases — shifts from "remote" to "reasonably possible" or increases in estimated loss ranges signal deteriorating outcomes. Unconditional purchase obligations and take-or-pay contracts create fixed cost structures that reduce operational flexibility. Guarantee arrangements for subsidiaries or joint ventures can create cascading obligations. Compare the total commitment schedule against projected free cash flow to assess whether the company can meet its obligations without additional financing.