Note 6 – Income Taxes

 

The Company is subject to United States federal income taxes at an approximate rate of 21%. The reconciliation of the provision for income taxes at the United States federal statutory rate compared to the Company’s income tax expense as reported is as follows:

        
   Year Ended   Year Ended 
   December 31,   December 31, 
   2025   2024 
Income tax benefit computed at the statutory rate  $3,329,000   $3,120,000 
Tax effect of:          
True-ups and non-deductible expenses   193,000    (585,000)
Change in valuation allowance   (3,522,000)   (2,535,000)
Provision for income taxes  $   $ 

 

The Company adopted ASC 2023-09 during the year ended December 31, 2025 prospectively. A reconciliation setting forth the differences between the effective tax rates and the U.S. federal statutory tax rate is as follows:

               
   Year Ended December 31, 2025 
   Amount   Rate 
US federal statutory tax rate  $3,329,000    21.0% 
Changes in valuation allowances   (3,522,000)   -22.2% 
Nontaxable or nondeductible items   193,000    1.2% 
Effective income tax rate  $    0% 

 

 

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities after applying enacted corporate income tax rates are as follows:

        
   As of   As of 
   December 31,   December 31, 
   2025   2024 
Deferred income tax assets          
Net operating losses  $10,633,000   $7,923,000 
Stock-based compensation   1,026,000    999,000 
Capitalized 174 expenses   7,443,000    6,659,000 
Deferred income tax liability          
Prepaid expenses   (278,000)   (279,000)
Valuation allowance   (18,824,000)   (15,302,000)
Net deferred income tax assets  $   $ 

 

As of December 31, 2025, the Company currently has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $50,634,000. Approximately $200,000 of the net operating loss carryforward will begin to expire in 2037. The remaining net operating loss carryforward post-2017 may be carried forward indefinitely.

 

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 limits the use of net operating loss carryforwards in certain situations where changes occur in the stock ownership of a company. In the event that the Company has a change in ownership, utilization of carryforwards could be limited.

 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 31, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 31, 2025
2023Apr 1, 2024
2022Mar 31, 2023
2021Mar 3, 2022
2020Feb 12, 2021
2019Mar 12, 2020

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.