CEL SCI CORP Income Taxes Disclosure

7.  INCOME TAXES

At September 30, 2025 and 2024, the Company had net deferred tax assets of $65.9 million and $62.5 million, respectively. Due to uncertainties surrounding the Company’s ability to generate future taxable income to realize these assets, a full valuation allowance has been established to offset the net deferred tax assets. In assessing the realization of deferred tax assets, management considered whether it was more likely than not that some, or all, of the deferred tax assets will be realized.  The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income.  Management has considered the history of the Company’s operating losses and believes that the realization of the benefit of the deferred tax assets cannot be reasonably assured. 

Pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code, or IRC, annual use of the Company’s net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards may be limited in the event a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% occurs within a three-year period. Such ownership change could result in annual limitations on the utilization of tax attributes, including NOL carryforwards and tax credits. The Company performed an estimated analysis to determine if any additional ownership changes occurred during the year ended September 30, 2025 and changes were identified. Since CEL-SCI identified changes in ownership, $6.7 million NOL and $0.9 million tax credit carryforwards were eliminated or restricted. Therefore, CEL-SCI removed the related asset from the deferred tax asset schedule with a corresponding reduction in the valuation allowance.

The Company had federal NOL carryforwards of approximately $165.0 million and $146.4 million at September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Approximately $12.5 million of the NOL carryforwards begin to expire during the year ended September 30, 2025 and become fully expired by 2038 and approximately $152.5 million of NOL carryforwards, which were generated after the enactment of Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, have an indefinite life.  In addition, the Company had a general business credit as a result of the credit for increasing research activities (“R&D credit”) of approximately $0.9 million at September 30, 2024. The R&D credit was eliminated as of September 30, 2025.

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”) was enacted in the United States. The OBBBA makes permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing, and the business interest expense limitation. The OBBBA did not have a material impact on our tax footnotes disclosures in our financial statements.

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2025 and 2024 are listed below: 

The Company has no federal or state current or deferred tax expense or benefit.  The Company’s effective tax rate differs from the applicable federal statutory tax rate.  The reconciliation of these rates is as follows for the years ended September 30:

The Company applies the provisions of ASC 740, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, which requires financial statement benefits to be recognized for positions taken for tax return purposes when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained.  The Company has elected to reflect any tax penalties or interest resulting from tax assessments on uncertain tax positions as a component of tax expense.  The Company has generated federal net operating losses in tax years ending September 30, 1999 through 2025.  The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various states. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal and state income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before September 30, 2022.