GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES
The change in the carrying value of goodwill by business segment follows:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Final Control | | Measurement & Analytical | | Discrete Automation | | Safety & Productivity | | Control Systems & Software | | Test & Measurement | | | | Total |
| | | | | | | |
| Balance, September 30, 2023 | $ | 2,660 | | | 1,545 | | | 892 | | | 388 | | | 8,995 | | | — | | | | | 14,480 | |
| Acquisitions | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 3,442 | | | | | 3,442 | |
| Foreign currency translation and other | 42 | | | 31 | | | 27 | | | 16 | | | 8 | | | 21 | | | | | 145 | |
| Balance, September 30, 2024 | 2,702 | | | 1,576 | | | 919 | | | 404 | | | 9,003 | | | 3,463 | | | | | 18,067 | |
| Acquisitions | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 32 | | | — | | | | | 32 | |
| Foreign currency translation and other | 16 | | | 28 | | | 26 | | | 17 | | | 2 | | | 5 | | | | | 94 | |
| Balance, September 30, 2025 | $ | 2,718 | | | 1,604 | | | 945 | | | 421 | | | 9,037 | | | 3,468 | | | | | 18,193 | |
The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of identifiable intangible assets by major class follow:
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Customer Relationships | | Intellectual Property | | Capitalized Software | | Total |
| 2024 | | | 2025 | | | 2024 | | | 2025 | | | 2024 | | | 2025 | | | 2024 | | | 2025 | |
| Gross carrying amount | $ | 8,114 | | | 8,180 | | | 6,017 | | | 6,069 | | | 1,497 | | | 1,583 | | | 15,628 | | | 15,832 | |
| Less: Accumulated amortization | 1,818 | | | 2,379 | | | 2,116 | | | 2,658 | | | 1,258 | | | 1,337 | | | 5,192 | | | 6,374 | |
| Net carrying amount | $ | 6,296 | | | 5,801 | | | 3,901 | | | 3,411 | | | 239 | | | 246 | | | 10,436 | | | 9,458 | |
Intangible asset amortization expense for the major classes included above for 2025, 2024 and 2023 was $1,174, $1,366 and $764, respectively. Based on intangible asset balances as of September 30, 2025, amortization expense is expected to approximate $1,110 in 2026, $1,076 in 2027, $1,030 in 2028, $977 in 2029 and $940 in 2030. The increase in goodwill and intangible assets in 2024 reflects the National Instruments acquisition.
About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures
Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.
Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.