STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The following table summarizes the total stock-based compensation expense included in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss for all periods presented (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
202520242023
Cost of revenue$2,948 $3,092 $3,603 
Research and development14,591 13,932 11,391 
Selling, general and administrative70,744 58,954 62,210 
Total stock-based compensation expense$88,283 $75,978 $77,204 
Non-Employee Stock-Based Compensation
On March 10, 2023, the Company’s former Chief Operating Officer (the “former COO”) resigned and entered into a Consulting Agreement (“CA”) with the Company through July 2024. Pursuant to the terms of the CA, the former COO vested in outstanding awards as long as services are provided to the Company under the CA as a non-employee consultant. In accordance with ASC 718, the Company recognized expense related to all awards vested over the duration of the CA in 2023 as an equity-severance cost because the consulting services were not substantive. The total expense related to the former COO’s non-employee stock-based compensation recognized for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $1.1 million.
On August 31, 2024, the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer (the “former CFO”) resigned and entered into a CA with the Company through March 15, 2025. Pursuant to the terms of the CA, the former CFO continued to vest in outstanding restricted stock unit awards during the period of his CA services. In accordance with ASC 718, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense related to the awards expected to vest over the duration of the CA, because the consulting services are substantive. The total expense related to the former CFO’s non-employee stock-based compensation recognized for each of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 19, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 20, 2025
2023Feb 22, 2024
2022Feb 23, 2023

About Stock Compensation Disclosures

Stock-based compensation disclosures detail the equity awards granted to employees and executives — including stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), and performance shares — along with the valuation methods and assumptions used to expense them. This section reveals the true cost of talent retention and the alignment between management incentives and shareholder interests.

Key signals: total unrecognized compensation expense and its expected recognition period signal future earnings headwinds from already-granted awards. For stock options, examine Black-Scholes assumptions — expected volatility, risk-free rate, and expected term — as understating any of these reduces reported compensation expense. Compare stock compensation expense as a percentage of revenue against peers to assess dilution cost. Watch vesting schedules for acceleration clauses tied to change-of-control events. Performance-based awards with undemanding targets may indicate weak governance. Add back stock compensation to operating cash flow to calculate a more conservative free cash flow figure.