Intangible assets and goodwill
At the end of fiscal years 2025 and 2024, the gross and net amounts of intangible assets were:
(Dollars in Millions)20252024
Intangible assets with definite lives:  
Patents and trademarks — gross(1)
$59,15644,695
Less accumulated amortization(32,507)(26,124)
Patents and trademarks — net$26,64918,571
Customer relationships and other intangibles — gross$21,36120,310
Less accumulated amortization(14,998)(13,544)
Customer relationships and other intangibles — net(2)
$6,3636,766
Intangible assets with indefinite lives:  
Trademarks(3)
1,772
Purchased in-process research and development15,61912,281
Total intangible assets with indefinite lives$17,39112,281
Total intangible assets — net$50,40337,618
(1)See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details related to acquisitions and divestitures.
(2)The majority is comprised of customer relationships.
(3)In October 2025, the Company announced its intention to separate its Orthopaedics business, to be named DePuy Synthes. In connection with this strategic decision, the Company determined the DePuy Synthes trademarks will continue to be used on existing and future products. Therefore, $1.7 billion of trademarks associated with the DePuy Synthes brand were reclassified from definite lived to indefinite lived. This reclassification reflects management’s revised expectations regarding the future economic life and continued use of these trademarks through and following the planned separation. Based on a qualitative assessment, the Company concluded that the trademarks are not impaired.
Goodwill as of December 28, 2025 and December 29, 2024, as allocated by segment of business, was as follows:
(Dollars in Millions)Innovative
Medicine
MedTechTotal
Goodwill at December 31, 2023$10,40726,15136,558
Goodwill, related to acquisitions6407,5698,209
Goodwill, related to divestitures(56)(56)
Currency translation/other(355)(156)(511)
Goodwill at December 29, 202410,69233,50844,200
Goodwill, related to acquisitions3,4883,488
Goodwill, related to divestitures(29)(29)
Currency translation/other7873261,113
Goodwill at December 28, 2025$14,96733,80548,772
The weighted average amortization period for patents and trademarks is approximately 12 years. The weighted average amortization period for customer relationships and other intangible assets is approximately 19 years. The amortization expense of amortizable assets included in Cost of products sold was $4.6 billion, $4.5 billion and $4.5 billion before tax, for the fiscal years ended December 28, 2025, December 29, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. Intangible asset write-downs are included in Other (income) expense, net.
The estimated amortization expense related to intangible assets for approved products, before tax, for the five succeeding years is approximately:
(Dollars in Millions)
20262027202820292030
$5,1004,4003,7003,6003,500
See Note 18 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details related to acquisitions and divestitures.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 11, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 13, 2025
2023Feb 16, 2023
2022Feb 17, 2022
2021Feb 22, 2021
2019Feb 18, 2020
2018Feb 20, 2019
2017Feb 27, 2017
2016Feb 24, 2016

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.