14. INCOME TAXES

 

Components of net loss before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

  

 

             
   Year Ended December 31, 
   2025   2024   2023 
             
United States  $(94,627)  $(97,893)  $(86,730)
Foreign   (438)   1,485    5,034 
Total  $(95,065)  $(96,408)  $(81,696)

 

Components of income taxes paid, net of refunds received are as follows (in thousands):

   

             
   Year Ended December 31, 
   2025   2024   2023 
Federal   -    -       - 
                
State               
Other states   -    -    - 
Total state   -    -    - 
                
Foreign               
Germany   615    2,855    - 
Other foreign   -    -    - 
Total foreign   615    2,855    - 
                
Total income taxes paid   615    2,855    - 

 

 

Components of income tax expense (benefit) are as follows (in thousands):

   

             
   Year Ended December 31, 
   2025   2024   2023 
Current               
Federal  $-   $-   $- 
State   -    -    - 
International   332    581    2,061 
Total current tax expense   332    581    2,061 
                
Deferred               
Federal   -    -    - 
State   -    -    - 
International   (416)   (74)   (915)
Total deferred tax expense   (416)   (74)   (915)
                
Federal   -    -    - 
State   -    -    - 
International   (84)   507    1,146 
Total tax (benefit) expense  $(84)  $507   $1,146 

 

The difference between the effective tax rate of the provision (benefit) for income taxes and the Federal statutory rate is as follows (in thousands):

   

                      
   Year Ended December 31, 
   2025   2024   2023 
   Amount   Percent   Amount   Percent   Amount   Percent 
U.S. federal statutory rate  $(19,964)   21.0%  $(20,246)   21.0%  $(17,156)   21.0%
State income taxes, net of federal effect   -    -    -    -    -    - 
Change in valuation allowance   16,278    (17.1)   16,508    (17.2)   17,430    (21.3)
Nontaxable or nondeductible items:                              
Share-based compensation   1,325    (1.4)   2,357    (2.4)   1,343    (1.7)
Notes payable related   1,668    (1.8)   2,621    (2.7)   -    - 
Other nondeductible items   1,073    (1.1)   39    -    251    (0.3)
Tax credits                              
Other tax credits   (453)   0.5    (964)   1.0    (811)   1.0 
Other   -    -    2    -    -    - 
Foreign tax effects                              
Other foreign jurisdictions   (11)   -    190    (0.2)   89    (0.1)
Total  $(84)   0.1%  $507    (0.5)%  $1,146    (1.4)%

 

Components of deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

   

       
   December 31, 
   2025   2024 
Deferred tax assets          
Reserves  $2,422   $430 
Net operating loss carryforwards   115,405    104,575 
R&D credit carryforwards   11,164    11,052 
Depreciation/amortization deferred   30,884    29,618 
Operating lease liabilities   4,975    5,099 
Other   4,662    6,475 
Total deferred tax assets   169,512    157,249 
Deferred tax liabilities          
Operating lease right-of-use assets   (3,355)   (4,106)
Total deferred tax liabilities   (3,355)   (4,106)
Net valuation allowances   (165,507)   (152,935)
Deferred tax assets  $650   $208 

 

 

As of December 31, 2025, a valuation allowance of $165.5 million was maintained for deferred tax assets which have been deemed not more likely than not to be realized.

 

As of December 31, 2025, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $549.5 million for federal income tax reporting purposes. In addition, the Company has research and development tax credits of $11.2 million. During 2025, $16.0 million federal net operating losses and $0.3 million general business credits expired unused. A majority of the net operating loss carryforwards and research and development credits available to offset future taxable income, if any, will expire in varying amounts from 2026 to 2044, if not previously used.

 

Certain net operating losses arise from the deductibility for tax purposes of compensation under nonqualified stock options equal to the difference between the fair value of the stock on the date of exercise and the exercise price of the options. For financial reporting purposes, the tax effect of this deduction, when recognized, is accounted for as an income tax benefit.

 

In certain circumstances, as specified in the Internal Revenue Code, a 50% or more ownership change by certain combinations of shareholders during any three-year period would result in limitations on the ability to use a portion of net operating loss carryforwards.

 

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), which was enacted on July 4, 2025, introduced notable changes to the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, including the option to elect immediate expensing of domestic Section 174 costs. Section 174 costs are expenditures which represent research and development costs that are incident to the development or improvement of a product, process, formula, invention, computer software, or technique. As previously required under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the Company capitalized research and development expenditures during the years ended December 31, 2022 through December 31, 2024. With the enactment of the OBBBA, the Company has continued to capitalize domestic Section 174 costs during the year ended December 31, 2025.

 

The Company had no unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2025 or 2024.

 

Interest accrued and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, no interest or penalties were recognized.

 

Income tax returns are filed in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, certain U.S. states, and in Germany. Due to the Company’s operating loss and credit carryforwards, the U.S. federal statute of limitations remains open for 2006 and onward. Tax years 2022 and forward remain open in Germany.

 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 4, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 26, 2025
2023Feb 29, 2024
2022Mar 2, 2023
2021Mar 1, 2022
2020Mar 15, 2021
2019Mar 12, 2020
2018Mar 6, 2019
2017Feb 23, 2018
2016Mar 6, 2017
2015Mar 8, 2016

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.