7. GOODWILL AND OTHER PURCHASED INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
Changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, were as follows:
$ in millionsAeronautics SystemsDefense SystemsMission SystemsSpace SystemsTotal
Balance as of December 31, 2023$3,974 $3,722 $5,881 $3,940 $17,517 
Other (1)
— (5)— — (5)
Balance as of December 31, 2024$3,974 $3,717 $5,881 $3,940 $17,512 
Divestiture of training services business
 (80)  (80)
Other (1)
 5   5 
Balance as of December 31, 2025$3,974 $3,642 $5,881 $3,940 $17,437 
(1)Other consists primarily of adjustments for foreign currency translation.
At December 31, 2025 and 2024, accumulated goodwill impairment losses totaled $417 million at Aeronautics Systems, $121 million at Space Systems, and $32 million at Defense Systems.
Other Purchased Intangible Assets
Net customer-related and other intangible assets are as follows:
December 31
$ in millions20252024
Gross customer-related and other intangible assets$3,372 $3,371 
Less accumulated amortization(3,164)(3,117)
Net customer-related and other intangible assets$208 $254 
Amortization expense for 2025, 2024 and 2023, was $45 million, $57 million and $80 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the expected future amortization of purchased intangibles for each of the next five years is as follows:
$ in millions
2026$42 
202731 
202831 
202931 
203031 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Jan 27, 2026Showing above
2024Jan 30, 2025
2023Jan 25, 2024
2022Jan 26, 2023
2021Jan 27, 2022
2020Jan 28, 2021
2019Jan 30, 2020
2018Jan 31, 2019
2017Jan 29, 2018
2016Jan 30, 2017
2015Feb 1, 2016

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.