NOTE 6 — INCOME TAXES

 

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities were as follows:

 

   December 31,
2024
   December 31,
2023
 
Deferred tax assets:        
Net operating loss carryforwards  $6,559,791   $4,799,618 
General Business Credit Carryover   1,672,876    1,408,963 
R&D Credit (available for payroll tax offset)   268,568    268,568 
Subtotal   8,501,235    6,477,149 
Valuation allowance   (8,501,235)   (6,477,149)
Total deferred tax assets  $
-
   $
-
 

 

The federal income tax rate used for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was 21%. The Maryland rate was 8.25%.

 

For years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company had federal net operating loss (“NOL”) of $22,236,580 and $16,269,893, respectively. The 2019 NOL carryforward of $292,144 will expire in tax years up through 2037. The NOLs generated in tax years 2020 and beyond will carry forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of such federal NOLs is limited. The Company has provided a valuation allowance to offset the deferred tax assets due to the uncertainty of realizing the benefits of the net deferred tax asset.

 

The Company’s issuances of common stock have resulted in ownership changes as defined by Section 382 of the Code; however, the Company has not conducted a Section 382 study to date. It is likely that a future analysis may result in the conclusion that a substantial portion, or perhaps substantially all, of the Company’s NOL carryforwards and R&D tax credit carryforwards will expire due to the limitations of Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. As a result, the utilization of the carryforwards may be limited, and a portion of the carryforwards may expire unused. The Company is subject to U.S. federal tax examinations by tax authorities for the year 2021 due to the fact that NOL carryforwards exist going back to 2019 that may be utilized on a current or future year tax return.

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About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.