24.

Income Taxes

Income (loss) before income taxes on which the provision for income taxes was computed was as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Income (Loss) before Income Tax Provision

2025

2024

Canada

(10,618)

1,568

United States

(64,280)

(54,757)

(74,898)

(53,189)

There was no federal or state income tax provision (benefit) in the years presented above.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of (a) temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes, and (b) operating losses and tax credit carryforwards.

The tax effects of significant items comprising the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

As of December 31,

Deferred Tax Assets

2025

2024

Deferred tax assets

Cumulative Eligible Capital Deduction

20

20

Share Issues Cost

1,096

1,537

Fixed Asset

9,837

7,571

Lease Liability

1

2

Net Operating Loss

70,336

60,235

ITC Credits

247

235

Compensation Accruals

174

145

Asset Retirement Obligation

12,389

10,332

Equity Compensation

925

822

Total deferred tax assets

95,025

80,899

Deferred tax liabilities

Unrealized Gain/Loss

(1)

(1)

ROU Asset

(1)

(2)

Total Deferred tax liabilities

(2)

(3)

Valuation allowance

(95,023)

(80,896)

Net deferred taxes

ASC 740 requires that the tax benefit of net operating losses, temporary differences and credit carryforwards be recorded as an asset to the extent that management assesses that realization is “more likely than not.” Realization of the future tax benefits is dependent on the Company’s ability to generate sufficient taxable income within the carryforward period. Because of the Company’s recent history of operating losses, management believes that recognition of the deferred tax assets arising from the above-mentioned future tax benefits is currently not likely to be realized and, accordingly, has recorded a valuation allowance.

The valuation allowance increased by $14,127 and $18,808 during 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Net operating losses and tax credit carryforwards as of December 31, 2025, are as follows:

Income Tax Loss Carryforwards

Amount

Expiration Years

Net operating losses, Canada (CAD$)

82,969

2026 - 2044

Net operating losses, federal (Pre January 1, 2018)

79,699

2029 - 2035

Net operating losses, federal (Post December 31, 2017)

145,257

No expirations

Net operating losses, state

223,457

Varies by state

Tax Credits, Foreign (CAD$)

339

2026 - 2029

The effective tax rate of the Company’s provision (benefit) for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Income Tax Rate Reconciliation

2025

2024

Canadian Statutory Rate

(11,235)

15.0%

(7,979)

15.0%

Change in valuation allowance

1,007

(1.3)%

1,232

(2.3)%

Nondeductible items

Mark-to-Market Warrants

560

(0.8)%

(819)

1.5%

Other

87

(0.1)%

59

(0.1)%

Other

Share Issuance Costs

(60)

0.1%

(707)

1.3%

Foreign tax effects

United States

Rate differential

(3,857)

5.1%

(3,285)

6.2%

Stock compensation

(133)

0.2%

(109)

0.2%

Nondeductible items and other

23

0.0%

22

0.0%

Change in valuation allowance

13,608

(18.2)%

11,586

(21.8)%

0.0%

0.0%

The Company follows a comprehensive model for recognizing, measuring, presenting, and disclosing uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax return. Tax positions must initially be recognized in the financial statements when it is more likely than not the position will be sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. Such tax positions must initially and subsequently be measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the tax authority assuming full knowledge of the position and relevant facts.

The Company currently has no uncertain tax positions and is therefore not reflecting any adjustments for such in its deferred tax assets.

The Company’s policy is to account for income tax related interest and penalties in income tax expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. There have been no income tax related interest or penalties assessed or recorded in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Other comprehensive loss was not subject to income tax effects.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 10, 2026Showing above
2024Apr 11, 2025
2023Mar 6, 2024
2022Mar 6, 2023
2021Mar 9, 2022
2019Feb 28, 2020

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.