21. Income Taxes

Income before Income Tax Expense – Domestic and Foreign

The U.S. and foreign components of income before income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

   Year Ended December 31,
   2025  2024  2023
U.S. $50,728  $27,638  $4,652 
Foreign  91,490   67,764   114,356 
Total $142,218  $95,402  $119,008 

Income Tax Expense – By Jurisdiction

The components of current and deferred income tax expense included in the Consolidated Statement of Operations for years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

   Years Ended December 31,
   2025  2024  2023
Current:         
Federal $11,982  $13,377  $6,957 
State and local  3,575   3,547   1,883 
Foreign  16,547   12,183   8,103 
  $32,104  $29,107  $16,943 
Deferred:               
Federal $538  $(581) $(494)
State and local  111   (120)  (102)
Foreign  332   303   115 
   981   (398)  (481)
Income tax expense $33,085  $28,709  $16,462 

Reconciliation of Statutory Federal Income Tax Rate to the Effective Income Tax Rate

Below is a tabular rate reconciliation pursuant to the disclosure requirements of ASU 2023-09 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

  

Year Ended

December 31, 2025

 

Year Ended

December 31, 2024

   Amount  Percent  Amount  Percent
U.S. federal statutory income tax $29,866   21.0%  $20,034   21.0% 
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit(1)  1,664   1.2%   909   1.0% 
Foreign tax effects:                    
Jersey, Channel Islands:                    
Statutory tax rate difference  (4,658)  (3.3%)  (3,456)  (3.6%)
United Kingdom:                    
Statutory tax rate difference  2,545   1.8%   1,822   1.9% 
Other  (253)  (0.2%)  (96)  (0.1%)
Ireland:                    
Statutory tax rate difference  (333)  (0.2%)  (351)  (0.4%)
Other  225   0.2%  75   0.1% 
Other Foreign Jurisdictions  64   0.1%   226   0.2% 
Capital loss expiration  14,064   9.9%   
   
%
 
Changes in valuation allowances  (15,713)  (11.0%)  290   0.3% 
Non-taxable or non-deductible items                    
Loss on debt extinguishment  3,035   2.1%   6,219   6.5% 
Executive compensation  1,620   1.1%   901   1.0% 
Stock-based compensation tax shortfalls  5   0.0%   409   0.4% 
Civil money penalty relating to SEC ESG Settlement  
   
%
   972   1.0% 
Other adjustments  954   0.6%   755   0.8% 
Income tax expense $33,085   23.3%  $28,709   30.1% 

_____________________________

(1)State and local taxes in New York and California comprise the majority of this category.

Below is a reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax expense and the Company’s total income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2023:

U.S. federal statutory income tax $24,992 
Gain on revaluation/termination of deferred consideration  (13,007)
Non-deductible loss on extinguishment of convertible notes  2,263 
Foreign operations  (1,868)
Non-deductible executive compensation  1,833 
Decrease in unrecognized tax benefits, net  (1,386)
Change in valuation allowance – Capital losses  1,340 
Expiration of capital losses  796 
Stock-based compensation tax shortfalls  373 
Change in tax-related indemnification assets, net  291 
Change in foreign net operating losses (“NOLs”)  174 
State income tax rate, net of federal benefit  153 
Other differences, net  508 
Income tax expense $16,462 

Income Tax Payments

Disclosed below is a summary of income taxes paid by jurisdiction pursuant to the disclosure requirements of ASU 2023-09 for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

   Year Ended
December 31, 2025
  Year Ended
December 31, 2024
United States - Federal $8,956  $16,139 
United States - State and local  3,703   4,005 
United Kingdom  17,021   11,485 
Other  660   589 
  $30,340  $32,218 

Disclosed below is a summary of income taxes paid by jurisdiction for the year ended December 31, 2023:

Federal $4,824     
State and local  1,457     
Foreign  9,875     
  $16,156     

Deferred Tax Assets

A summary of the components of the Company’s deferred tax assets at December 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows:

   2025  2024
Deferred tax assets:      
Capital losses $6,689  $21,984 
Accrued expenses  6,584   6,465 
Stock-based compensation  3,210   2,843 
Acquisition costs  970   
 
NOLs—Foreign  745   1,024 
Operating lease liabilities  631   95 
Goodwill and intangible assets  
   705 
Foreign currency translation adjustment  
   427 
Software capitalization  
   199 
Other  289   331 
Deferred tax assets  19,118   34,073 

       
Deferred tax liabilities:      
Software capitalization  912   
 
Right of use assets—operating leases  627   95 
Foreign currency translation adjustment  592   
 
Unrealized gains  494   76 
Fixed assets and prepaid assets  356   246 
Goodwill and intangible assets  74   
 
Unremitted earnings—European subsidiaries  65   92 
Deferred tax liabilities  3,120   509 
Total deferred tax assets less deferred tax liabilities  15,998   33,564 
Less: Valuation allowance  (6,195)  (21,908)
Deferred tax assets, net $9,803  $11,656 

Capital Losses – U.S.

The Company’s tax effected capital losses at December 31, 2025 were $6,689. These capital losses expire between the years 2026 and 2028. The table below sets forth the aggregate changes in these capital losses:

Balance at January 1, 2024 $22,489     
Utilizations  (505)    
Balance at December 31, 2024 $21,984     
Expirations  (14,064)    
Utilizations  (1,231)    
Balance at December 31, 2025 $6,689     

Net Operating Losses – Europe

One of the Company’s European subsidiaries generated NOLs outside the U.S. These tax effected NOLs, all of which are carried forward indefinitely, were $745 at December 31, 2025.

Valuation Allowance

The Company’s valuation allowance has been established on its net capital losses (net of unrealized gains), as it is more-likely-than-not that these deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Income Tax Examinations

The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state, local and certain foreign jurisdictions.

As of December 31, 2025, with few exceptions, the Company was no longer subject to income tax examinations by any taxing authority for the years before 2021.

Uncertain Tax Positions

During the year ended December 31, 2023, $1,353 of unrecognized tax benefits lapsed due to the statute of limitations. There were no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Undistributed Earnings of Foreign Subsidiaries

ASC 740-30 Income Taxes provides guidance that U.S. companies do not need to recognize tax effects on foreign earnings that are indefinitely reinvested. The Company repatriates earnings of its foreign subsidiaries and therefore has recognized a deferred tax liability of $65 and $92 at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

U.S. Tax Reform

On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the “OBBBA”) was enacted, extending or modifying several provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The OBBBA left corporate income tax rates unchanged, but reinstated immediate expensing of domestic research and development expenditures, revised Section 163(j) interest limitations, expanded Section 162(m) aggregation rules, updated GILTI provisions and restored 100% bonus depreciation, among other changes.

While the OBBBA accelerated certain previously deferred tax deductions, it did not otherwise have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 25, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 26, 2025
2023Feb 23, 2024
2022Feb 28, 2023
2021Feb 25, 2022
2020Feb 19, 2021
2019Feb 28, 2020
2018Mar 1, 2019
2017Mar 1, 2018
2016Mar 1, 2017
2015Feb 29, 2016

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.