NOTE 11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

 

Royalty Agreement

 

The Company has an exclusive license agreement with the Regents of the University of California to make, use, sell and otherwise distribute products under certain of the Regents of the University of California’s patents anywhere in the world. The Company is obligated to pay a minimum annual royalty of $50,000, and an earned royalty of 4% (subject to reduction to a minimum of 2% of net sales, in the event the Company pays a royalty on revenues to a third party) of net sales. The minimum annual royalty will be applied against the earned royalty due for the calendar year in which the minimum payment was made. The license agreements expire upon expiration of the patents and may be terminated earlier if the Company elects. The licensed patents that are currently issued expire between 2026 and 2037, without considering any possible patent term adjustment or extensions and assuming payment of all appropriate maintenance, renewal, annuity, or other governmental fees. The Company recorded royalty costs of $50,000 for each of the years ended December 31, 2025, and 2024.

 

Litigation

 

From time to time, we are involved in various disputes, claims, suits, investigations, and legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the resolution of current pending legal matters will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Nonetheless, we cannot predict the outcome of these proceedings, as legal matters are subject to inherent uncertainties, and there exists the possibility that the ultimate resolution of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. If any legal proceeding occurs, the Company would record a provision for a loss when it believes that it is both probable that a loss has been incurred, and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

 

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company paid $687,500 to settle a dispute related to the “fee tail” provision under a previously executed investment banking agreement.

 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 18, 2026Showing above
2024Apr 9, 2025
2023Mar 28, 2024
2022Feb 27, 2023

About Commitments Disclosures

Commitments and contingencies disclosures catalog a company's off-balance-sheet obligations and legal exposures — purchase commitments, guarantee arrangements, pending litigation, and regulatory proceedings. These items represent potential future cash outflows that may not appear as liabilities on the balance sheet until they become probable and estimable.

Key signals: litigation reserves and disclosed loss ranges quantify management's estimate of legal exposure, but unquantified "reasonably possible" losses often represent the larger risk. Watch for changes in language around pending cases — shifts from "remote" to "reasonably possible" or increases in estimated loss ranges signal deteriorating outcomes. Unconditional purchase obligations and take-or-pay contracts create fixed cost structures that reduce operational flexibility. Guarantee arrangements for subsidiaries or joint ventures can create cascading obligations. Compare the total commitment schedule against projected free cash flow to assess whether the company can meet its obligations without additional financing.