Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment and Other Business for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 are as follows (in millions):
 
Ag Services & Oilseeds
Carbohydrate Solutions
Nutrition
Other Business
Total
Balance at December 31, 2023$235 $224 $3,640 $$4,103 
Acquisitions
 — 557 — $557 
Currency translation adjustments and other
(17)(8)(127)$(151)
Balance at December 31, 2024218 216 4,070 4,509 
Acquisitions
19 10 — $36 
Currency translation adjustments and other
13 15 197 (1)$224 
Balance at December 31, 2025$250 $238 $4,277 $4 $4,769 

As of each of December 31, 2025 and 2024, accumulated impairment for goodwill was $156 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company evaluated goodwill for impairment using a qualitative assessment for six reporting units and using a quantitative assessment for the Animal Nutrition reporting unit within the Nutrition segment. The estimated fair value of the Animal Nutrition reporting unit was evaluated to be approximately 15% in excess of its carrying value and no impairment was recorded.

The Company used a combination of the income and market approaches when performing the quantitative assessment of goodwill for the Animal Nutrition reporting unit. The Company weighted the income approach with a probability weight of 75%, as it is based on the future business plans and growth estimates for the Company’s Animal Nutrition business and considers short-term and long-term cash flow expectations for the business. The market approach was weighted at 25%, as it represents an estimate of fair value based on market guideline companies for which future growth expectations are not precisely known.
Other Intangible Assets

The following table sets forth the detail on other intangible assets.
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024
UsefulGrossAccumulatedGrossAccumulated
LifeAmountAmortizationNetAmountAmortizationNet
(In years)(In millions)
Intangible assets with indefinite lives:
Trademarks/brands$315 $ $315 $290 $— $290 
Intangible assets with definite lives:
Trademarks/brands8to2093 (56)37 86 (42)44 
Customer lists7to301,827 (850)977 1,687 (708)979 
Capitalized software and related costs3to5985 (694)291 964 (612)352 
Land rights20to6597 (34)63 89 (27)62 
Other intellectual property6to15196 (165)31 187 (142)45 
Recipes and other1to35568 (371)197 620 (339)281 
Intangible assets in process65 — 65 207 — 207 
Total$4,146 $(2,170)$1,976 $4,130 $(1,870)$2,260 

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded an impairment charge of $179 million related to previously capitalized software, within Corporate. See Note 18. Asset Impairment, Exit, and Restructuring Costs for further information. Other changes in the gross amounts during the year ended December 31, 2025 were primarily related to additions to capitalized software and intangible assets in process of $56 million, acquisitions of $23 million, and foreign currency adjustments of $162 million.

Aggregate amortization expense was $249 million, $266 million, and $234 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively, of which $82 million, $89 million, and $72 million, respectively, were for amortization of capitalized software and related costs.
The estimated future annual amortization expense for each of the next five years for intangible assets recorded at December 31, 2025 is $250 million, $244 million, $224 million, $199 million, and $149 million, respectively.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 17, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 20, 2025
2023Mar 12, 2024
2022Feb 14, 2023
2021Feb 17, 2022
2020Feb 18, 2021
2019Feb 18, 2020
2018Feb 19, 2019
2017Feb 16, 2018
2016Feb 17, 2017
2015Feb 19, 2016

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.