NOTE 9 — INCOME TAXES

For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, federal and state income tax expense totaled zero.

The Company has net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income. At December 31, 2025, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss carry forwards of $61,001,000, of which (i) $14,235,000 expire at various dates through fiscal 2037, and (ii) $46,766,000 were generated in or after 2018 and can be carried forward indefinitely but will only be able to offset up to 80% of taxable income in any given year. Future tax benefits for these net operating loss carryforwards are recognized to the extent that realization of these benefits is considered more likely than not. To the extent that the Company will not realize a future tax benefit, a valuation allowance is established. At December 31, 2025, the Company had foreign net operating loss carry forwards of approximately $1,139,000 associated with an asset acquisition.

At this time, the Company is unable to determine if it will be able to benefit from its deferred tax asset. There are limitations on the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards, including a requirement that losses be offset against future taxable income, if any. In addition, utilization of the U.S. federal and state NOL carryforwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, and corresponding provisions of state law, due to ownership changes that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, results from transactions increasing the ownership of certain stockholders or public groups in the stock of a corporation by more than 50% over a three-year period. Accordingly, our U.S. federal and state net deferred tax asset was zero as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 as the Company established a full valuation allowance on of $19,998,000 and $19,090,000, respectively.

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 consist of the following:

December 31, 

(in thousands)

  ​ ​ ​

2025

  ​ ​ ​

2024

Deferred tax assets:

  ​

  ​

Bad debt expense

$

169

$

133

Accrued compensation expense

 

1

 

5

Deferred revenue and costs

 

 

195

Capitalized research and development costs

2,331

3,247

Stock-based compensation

 

1,531

 

1,799

Interest expense

230

Transaction costs

92

98

Operating lease liability

 

57

 

108

Charitable contributions

2

State NOL carryforwards

 

3,568

 

2,942

Federal NOL carryforwards

 

12,810

 

11,310

Foreign NOL carryforwards

262

State tax credit carryforwards

71

71

Federal tax credit carryforwards

57

57

Total Deferred Tax Assets

 

21,181

 

19,965

Valuation allowance

 

(19,998)

 

(19,090)

Net deferred tax assets

 

1,183

 

875

Deferred tax liabilities:

 

 

  ​

Property and equipment

 

(120)

 

(416)

Intangible assets

(1,052)

(359)

Deferred revenue and costs

(6)

Right of use assets

 

(44)

 

(100)

Total deferred tax liabilities

 

(1,222)

 

(875)

Net deferred tax asset (liability)

$

(39)

$

The following table reconciles the statutory U.S. corporate federal income tax rate to the Company’s effective tax rate:

Year ended December 31, 

2025

2024

(in thousands)

$

  ​ ​ ​

%

$

  ​ ​ ​

%

U.S. federal statutory tax (benefit) rate

$

(646)

21.0

%

$

(893)

21.0

%

State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect

64

(2.6)

%

(4)

0.1

%

Changes in valuation allowance

908

(29.5)

%

(934)

22.0

%

Nontaxable or nondeductible items

(728)

23.6

%

(952)

22.4

%

Other adjustments

18

%

14

(0.3)

%

Shortfalls/expirations

384

(12.5)

%

565

(13.4)

%

Provision to return and deferred true-ups

%

2,204

(51.8)

%

Total tax expense

$

%

$

%

The Company is subject to U.S. federal income tax as well as income taxes in multiple state and local jurisdictions. The Company has concluded all U.S. federal tax matters for years through December 31, 2021. All material state and local income tax matters have been concluded for years through December 31, 2020. The Company is no longer subject to IRS examination for the tax years ended on or before December 31, 2021; however, carryforward losses that were generated through the tax year ended December 31, 2021 may still be adjusted by the IRS if they are used in a future period. The Company had no reserve for uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 12, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 12, 2025
2023Mar 7, 2024
2022Mar 9, 2023
2019Mar 30, 2020
2018Mar 27, 2019

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.