FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
 
Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, payables and debt instruments. We believe that the carrying values of these instruments on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets approximate their fair values.
 
As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we believe the carrying value of our floating-rate debt outstanding under our revolving credit facilities approximates fair value because the terms include short-term interest rates and exclude penalties for prepayment. We estimated the fair value of our floating-rate revolving credit facilities using significant other observable inputs, representative of a Level 2 fair value measurement, including terms and credit spreads for these loans. In addition, the estimated fair value of our assets held for sale is based upon Level 2 fair value measurements, which include appraisals, broker price opinions and previous negotiations with third parties.

During the fourth and first quarter of 2024 and the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2022, we wrote down certain long-lived assets to fair value. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we wrote long-lived assets in Canada down to zero due to no activity. During the first quarter of 2024, our estimate of the fair value of undeveloped land positions in Australia that were impaired
was based on appraisals from third parties. During the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2022, our estimate of fair value of a property in the U.S. was based on broker price opinions or appraisals from third parties, which referenced available market information, such as listing agreements, offers, and pending and closed sales.

See Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for further discussion of the significant judgments and assumptions used in calculating their fair value.

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.