NOTE 13 – INCOME TAXES

 

Deferred taxes are determined by applying the provisions of enacted tax laws and rates for the jurisdictions in which the Company operates to the estimated future tax effects of the differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the Company’s financial statements. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that the related tax benefits will not be realized.

 

Due to losses since inception and for all periods presented, no income tax benefit or expense has been recognized as a full valuation allowance has been established for any tax benefit that would have been recognized for the loss in any period presented.

 

The components of income tax expense (benefit) for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

        
   2024   2023 
         
Expected federal income tax benefit at statutory rate  $(9,557,165)  $9,464,954 
Non-deductible expenses   3,594,293    1,183,767 
Write off of deferred tax asset for stock-based compensation   3,235,732     
Return to provision and true ups   345,266    108,959 
Change in valuation allowance   2,381,874    (10,757,680)
Income tax benefit  $   $ 

 

The non-deductible expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes the loss on the extinguishment of the Convertible Notes of $345,998, interest expense on the Convertible Notes of $66,116, and loss recognized on the November 2023 Warrants classified as liabilities of $3,101,361, and other non-deductible expenses of $80,818. Due to the impact of the reverse stock split in June 2024 on the adjusted number of outstanding options and exercise prices, the Company concluded that it was a remote possibility that any options will be exercised and therefore wrote off the deferred tax asset and related valuation allowance for stock-based compensation.

 

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

        
  

December 31,

2024

  

December 31,

2023

 
Deferred tax assets          
Net operating losses  $20,932,619   $15,468,757 
Debt basis difference       5,121,397 
Depreciation and amortization   1,562,438    1,701,768 
Research & development credit   1,099,535    1,099,535 
Lease liability   162,786    246,704 
Stock-based compensation       3,235,732 
Inventory       152,749 
Accrued expenses   94,561    66,909 
Capital loss carryover   178,442    176,950 
Dealer rebates   12,052    459,713 
Vendor settlements and reserves   689,253     
Other   29,502    21,828 
Total   24,761,188    27,752,042 
Valuation allowance   (24,431,492)   (27,171,016)
Net deferred tax asset   329,696    581,026 
Deferred tax liabilities          
Prepaid expenses   (174,457)   (342,421)
Right-of-use assets   (155,239)   (238,605)
Total net deferred taxes deferred tax liabilities  $   $ 

 

Management currently believes that since the Company has a history of losses it is more likely than not that the deferred tax regarding the loss carry forwards and other temporary differences will not be realized in the foreseeable future. The utilization of the Company’s net operating losses and credit carryovers may be subject to limitation due to the “change in ownership provisions” under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company’s cumulative net operating loss carry forward of $99.7 million as of December 31, 2024, may be limited in future years depending on future taxable income in any given fiscal year. The net operating losses can be carried forward indefinitely.

 

The Company has recorded no liability for income taxes associated with unrecognized tax benefits at the date of adoption and has not recorded any liability associated with unrecognized tax benefits. Accordingly, the Company has not recorded any interest or penalty in regard to any unrecognized benefit.

 

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About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.