Note 10. Share-based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense is recognized in cost of services, product and technology expense, and selling, general, and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive (loss) income as follows (in thousands):

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

Share-based compensation expense

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cost of services

 

$

2,198

 

 

$

1,643

 

 

$

1,279

 

Product and technology expense

 

 

5,296

 

 

 

3,343

 

 

 

2,246

 

Selling, general, and administrative expense

 

 

16,962

 

 

 

26,776

 

 

 

11,740

 

Total share-based compensation expense

 

$

24,456

 

 

$

31,762

 

 

$

15,265

 

Prior to the IPO, all share-based awards were issued by Fastball Holdco, L.P., the Company’s previous parent company, under individual grant agreements and the partnership agreement of such parent company under the 2020 Equity Plan. In connection with the IPO, the Company adopted the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (as amended by the First Amendment, dated as of May 10, 2023, the “2021 Equity Plan”).

In May 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a modification of the vesting terms of outstanding unvested and unearned performance-based options, restricted stock units, and restricted stock (collectively, “Performance Awards”) previously issued under its equity plans. The modification, effective May 10, 2023, allowed for unvested and unearned Performance Awards outstanding as of the date of the modification to vest based on time on the fourth, fifth, and sixth anniversaries of the relevant vesting commencement date, as set forth in each grant agreement (the “Vesting Commencement Date”), while preserving the eligibility to vest upon the Company’s investors receiving a targeted money-on-money return, subject to continued service. As of the modification date, unrecognized pre-tax non-cash compensation expense related to the Performance Awards, after accounting for the modification, was $28.8 million. The Company is recognizing pre-tax non-cash compensation expense related to the modification of Performance Awards prospectively from the date of modification, on a straight-line basis.

The fair value of the modified restricted stock units and restricted stock was estimated using the closing stock price on the date of modification. The fair value of the modified stock options was estimated on the date of modification using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions:

 

 

Options

 

Expected stock price volatility

 

 

37.43

%

Risk-free interest rate

 

 

3.40

%

Expected term (in years)

 

 

4.67

 

Fair-value of the underlying unit

 

$

12.61

 

In connection with the Company’s declaration of a one-time special dividend in August 2023, the exercise price of outstanding stock option awards and stock purchases under the Company’s employee stock purchase plan (“ESPP”) was reduced by $1.50, in accordance with the non-discretionary anti-dilution provisions of the equity and stock purchase plans.

In August 2024 and September 2024, the Company modified the equity award agreements for its former Chief Financial Officer and President, Americas, respectively, as part of each executive’s retirement agreement. The modifications allowed for accelerated vesting of certain unvested equity awards that would have otherwise been forfeited at retirement and modified certain provisions of the outstanding stock option agreements. As a result of the modifications, the related awards were revalued, resulting in an incremental $4.2 million of compensation expense recognized in 2024. Historical exercise prices noted in the below tables have not been adjusted.

In October 2024, as part of the Sterling Acquisition, unvested Sterling restricted stock, restricted stock units, and net option shares underlying in-the-money stock option awards were converted to an unvested cash award, an unvested First Advantage restricted stock award, or a First Advantage restricted stock unit at the holder’s election. Converted awards are subject to the same terms and conditions (including vesting) as applied to the replaced Sterling equity award. All out-of-the-money Sterling stock options, whether vested or unvested, were canceled for no consideration.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had approximately $23.3 million of unrecognized pre-tax non-cash compensation expense, related to its equity-based compensation plans. This amount includes approximately $1.3 million related to restricted stock, $11.5 million related to RSUs, and approximately $10.5 million related to stock options. The Company expects to recognize this expense over a weighted average period of 1.0 year.

 

 

2020 Equity Plan

Awards issued under the 2020 Equity Plan consist of options and profit interests and vest based on two criteria: (1) Time — awards vest over five years at a rate of 20% per year; and (2) Performance — awards vest based upon a combination of the five-year time vesting, subject to the Company’s investors receiving a targeted money-on-money return. Options issued under the 2020 Equity Plan generally expire ten years after the grant date. No awards have been issued under the plan since the Company’s IPO.

A summary of the stock option activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows:

 

 

 

Options

 

 

Weighted Average Exercise Price

 

 

Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term

 

Aggregate Intrinsic Value

December 31, 2024

 

Grants outstanding

 

 

1,602,966

 

 

$

5.15

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grants exercised

 

 

(295,955

)

 

$

5.12

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grants cancelled/forfeited

 

 

(31,618

)

 

$

5.26

 

 

 

 

 

December 31, 2025

 

Grants outstanding

 

 

1,275,393

 

 

$

5.15

 

 

4.2 Years

 

$12.0 million

December 31, 2025

 

Grants vested

 

 

901,704

 

 

$

5.15

 

 

4.2 Years

 

$8.5 million

December 31, 2025

 

Grants unvested

 

 

373,689

 

 

$

5.15

 

 

 

 

 

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $3.7 million, $3.2 million, and $3.0 million, respectively.

A summary of changes in outstanding options and the related weighted-average exercise price per share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

 

 

Options

 

 

Weighted Average Exercise Price

 

 

Options

 

 

Weighted Average Exercise Price

 

Grants outstanding at the beginning of the year

 

 

1,915,252

 

 

$

5.15

 

 

 

2,843,342

 

 

$

6.66

 

Grants exercised

 

 

(255,716

)

 

$

5.22

 

 

 

(394,375

)

 

$

6.06

 

Grants cancelled/forfeited

 

 

(56,570

)

 

$

5.28

 

 

 

(533,715

)

 

$

6.68

 

Grants outstanding at the end of the year

 

 

1,602,966

 

 

$

5.15

 

 

 

1,915,252

 

 

$

5.15

 

Grants vested

 

 

657,192

 

 

$

5.14

 

 

 

518,455

 

 

$

5.13

 

Grants unvested

 

 

945,774

 

 

$

5.15

 

 

 

1,396,797

 

 

$

5.16

 

2021 Equity Plan

The 2021 Equity Plan is intended to provide a means through which to attract and retain key personnel and to provide a means whereby our directors, officers, employees, consultants, and advisors can acquire and maintain an equity interest in us, or be paid incentive compensation, including incentive compensation measured by reference to the value of our common stock, thereby strengthening their commitment to our welfare and aligning their interests with those of our stockholders. The 2021 Equity Plan provides for the grant of awards of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted stock units, and other equity-based or cash-based awards as determined by the Company’s Compensation Committee. The 2021 Equity Plan initially had a total of 17,525,000 shares of common stock reserved. The number of reserved shares automatically increases on the first day of each calendar year commencing on January 1, 2022 and ending on January 1, 2030, in an amount equal to the lesser of (x) 2.5% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (y) a number of shares as determined by the Board of Directors. As of December 31, 2025, 22,395,427 shares were available for issuance under the 2021 Equity Plan.

Stock Options

Stock options issued immediately prior to the IPO vest based on two criteria: (1) Time — awards vest annually over five years; and (2) Performance — awards vest based upon a combination of the five-year time vesting, subject to the Company’s investors receiving a targeted money-on-money return. Stock options issued after the IPO vest annually, generally over four or five years. Stock options generally expire ten years after the grant date.

The fair value for stock options granted for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighed average assumptions:

 

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

Expected stock price volatility

 

 

35.69

%

 

 

35.43

%

 

 

32.99

%

Risk-free interest rate

 

 

4.04

%

 

 

4.18

%

 

 

4.00

%

Expected term (in years)

 

 

6.25

 

 

 

6.25

 

 

 

6.78

 

Fair-value of the underlying unit

 

$

15.25

 

 

$

17.74

 

 

$

12.56

 

A summary of the option activity for the year ended December 31, 2025 is as follows:

 

 

 

Options

 

 

Weighted Average Exercise Price

 

 

Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term

 

Aggregate Intrinsic Value

December 31, 2024

 

Grants outstanding

 

 

4,517,897

 

 

$

14.38

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grants issued

 

 

857,183

 

 

$

15.25

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grants exercised

 

 

(23,004

)

 

$

13.74

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grants cancelled/forfeited

 

 

(126,973

)

 

$

14.38

 

 

 

 

 

December 31, 2025

 

Grants outstanding

 

 

5,225,103

 

 

$

14.52

 

 

6.8 Years

 

$4.1 million

December 31, 2025

 

Grants vested

 

 

3,011,550

 

 

$

13.95

 

 

6.0 Years

 

$2.9 million

December 31, 2025

 

Grants unvested

 

 

2,213,553

 

 

$

15.30

 

 

 

 

 

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $0.1 million, $4.6 million, and $0.1 million, respectively.

A summary of changes in outstanding options and the related weighted-average exercise price per share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

 

 

December 31,

 

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

 

 

Options

 

 

Weighted Average Exercise Price

 

 

Options

 

 

Weighted Average Exercise Price

 

Grants outstanding at the beginning of the year

 

 

4,686,659

 

 

$

13.61

 

 

 

4,311,662

 

 

$

15.24

 

Grants issued

 

 

819,703

 

 

$

17.74

 

 

 

579,745

 

 

$

12.56

 

Grants exercised

 

 

(866,864

)

 

$

13.50

 

 

 

(22,402

)

 

$

12.55

 

Grants cancelled/forfeited

 

 

(121,601

)

 

$

14.56

 

 

 

(182,346

)

 

$

13.81

 

Grants outstanding at the end of the year

 

 

4,517,897

 

 

$

14.38

 

 

 

4,686,659

 

 

$

13.61

 

Grants vested

 

 

1,827,922

 

 

$

13.76

 

 

 

1,600,529

 

 

$

13.76

 

Grants unvested

 

 

2,689,975

 

 

$

14.80

 

 

 

3,086,130

 

 

$

13.53

 

 

Restricted Stock Units

Restricted stock units (“RSU”) generally vest annually over three to five years.

A summary of the RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 is as follows:

 

 

 

Shares

 

 

Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 

December 31, 2022

 

Nonvested RSUs

 

 

472,332

 

 

$

16.00

 

 

Granted

 

 

235,903

 

 

$

13.46

 

 

Vested

 

 

(150,724

)

 

$

15.42

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(50,368

)

 

$

14.90

 

December 31, 2023

 

Nonvested RSUs

 

 

507,143

 

 

$

15.10

 

 

Granted

 

 

526,980

 

 

$

17.28

 

 

Vested

 

 

(192,361

)

 

$

14.87

 

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(66,111

)

 

$

15.98

 

December 31, 2024

 

Nonvested RSUs

 

 

775,651

 

 

$

16.61

 

 

Granted

 

 

446,590

 

 

$

15.41

 

 

Vested

 

 

(277,313

)

 

$

16.47

 

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(61,396

)

 

$

14.76

 

December 31, 2025

 

Nonvested RSUs

 

 

883,532

 

 

$

16.18

 

Restricted Stock

The following table summarizes the restricted stock issued by the Company. These include grants of unvested 2020 Equity Plan profits interests grants that were converted into restricted stock, as well as restricted stock issued to new recipients. The restricted stock granted as a result of the conversion of 2020 Equity Plan profits interests retain the vesting attributes (including original service period vesting start date) of the original award.

A summary of the restricted stock activity for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 is as follows:

 

 

 

Shares

 

 

Weighted Average
Grant Date Fair Value

 

December 31, 2022

 

Nonvested restricted stock

 

 

2,281,300

 

 

$

3.85

 

 

 

Vested

 

 

(326,670

)

 

$

3.85

 

December 31, 2023

 

Nonvested restricted stock

 

 

1,954,630

 

 

$

8.50

 

 

 

Vested

 

 

(776,887

)

 

$

9.69

 

December 31, 2024

 

Nonvested restricted stock

 

 

1,177,743

 

 

$

10.01

 

 

Vested

 

 

(729,520

)

 

$

11.42

 

December 31, 2025

 

Nonvested restricted stock

 

 

448,223

 

 

$

11.74

 

Sterling Acquisition Awards

Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes the RSUs issued by the Company as part of the Sterling Acquisition. These include Sterling restricted stock units and net option shares underlying in-the-money stock option awards that were unvested at close and converted to unvested First Advantage RSUs. The RSUs granted as a result of the conversion retain the vesting attributes (including the original service period vesting start dates) of the original award.

A summary of the RSU activity for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 is as follows:

 

 

 

Shares

 

 

Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

 

December 31, 2023

 

Nonvested RSUs

 

 

 

 

$

 

 

Exchanged for RSUs in the Company

 

 

92,380

 

 

$

18.70

 

 

Vested

 

 

(2,674

)

 

$

18.70

 

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(33

)

 

$

18.70

 

December 31, 2024

 

Nonvested RSUs

 

 

89,673

 

 

$

18.70

 

 

Vested

 

 

(78,154

)

 

$

18.70

 

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(1,994

)

 

$

18.70

 

December 31, 2025

 

Nonvested RSUs

 

 

9,525

 

 

$

18.70

 

Restricted Stock

The following table summarizes the restricted stock issued by the Company as part of the Sterling Acquisition. These include Sterling restricted stock and net option shares underlying in-the-money stock option awards that were unvested at close and converted to unvested First Advantage restricted stock. The restricted stock granted as a result of the conversion retain the vesting attributes (including the original service period vesting start dates) of the original award.

A summary of the restricted stock activity for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 is as follows:

 

 

 

Shares

 

 

Weighted Average
Grant Date Fair Value

 

December 31, 2023

 

Nonvested restricted stock

 

 

 

 

$

 

 

Exchanged for restricted stock in the Company

 

 

929,475

 

 

$

18.70

 

 

Vested

 

 

(236,734

)

 

$

18.70

 

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(27

)

 

$

18.70

 

December 31, 2024

 

Nonvested restricted stock

 

 

692,714

 

 

$

18.70

 

 

Vested

 

 

(448,936

)

 

$

18.70

 

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(63,012

)

 

$

18.70

 

December 31, 2025

 

Nonvested restricted stock

 

 

180,766

 

 

$

18.70

 

2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company’s ESPP allows eligible employees to voluntarily make after-tax contributions of up to 15% of such employee’s cash compensation to acquire Company stock during designated offering periods. Each offering period consists of one six-month purchase period. During the holding period, ESPP purchased shares are not eligible for sale or broker transfer. The Company recorded an associated expense of approximately $0.7 million, $0.6 million, and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Excess Tax Benefits

The Company recognized excess tax benefits of approximately $1.0 million, $1.1 million, and $0.3 million associated with equity award exercises and vesting in its income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 26, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 27, 2025
2023Feb 29, 2024
2022Feb 28, 2023
2021Mar 23, 2022

About Stock Compensation Disclosures

Stock-based compensation disclosures detail the equity awards granted to employees and executives — including stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), and performance shares — along with the valuation methods and assumptions used to expense them. This section reveals the true cost of talent retention and the alignment between management incentives and shareholder interests.

Key signals: total unrecognized compensation expense and its expected recognition period signal future earnings headwinds from already-granted awards. For stock options, examine Black-Scholes assumptions — expected volatility, risk-free rate, and expected term — as understating any of these reduces reported compensation expense. Compare stock compensation expense as a percentage of revenue against peers to assess dilution cost. Watch vesting schedules for acceleration clauses tied to change-of-control events. Performance-based awards with undemanding targets may indicate weak governance. Add back stock compensation to operating cash flow to calculate a more conservative free cash flow figure.