9. Income Taxes

For the 2025 year, ASU 2023-09 presentation of the reconciliation of income tax expense is as follows:

 

 

 

As of December 31, 2025

 

 

 

Amount

 

 

Percent

 

U.S. Federal Statutory Tax Rate

 

$

(4,086

)

 

 

-21.0

%

State and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect

 

 

 

 

 

0.0

%

Changes in valuation allowance

 

 

3,896

 

 

 

20.0

%

Nontaxable or nondeductible items

 

 

 

 

 

 

   Share based compensation

 

 

295

 

 

 

1.5

%

   Change in fair value of nontaxable instruments

 

 

298

 

 

 

1.5

%

   Other

 

 

147

 

 

 

1.0

%

Other adjustments

 

 

 

 

 

 

   Prior year deferred adjustments

 

 

(667

)

 

 

0.0

%

   Other

 

 

118

 

 

 

0.0

%

Effective tax rate

 

$

 

 

 

0.0

%

 

 

 

As of December 31,

 

 

 

2024

 

Federal statutory rate

 

$

(2,247

)

 

 

-21

%

State income taxes, net of federal benefit

 

 

(322

)

 

 

-3.0

%

Change in fair value of nontaxable instruments

 

 

(1,347

)

 

 

-12.6

%

Return to provision adjustment

 

 

296

 

 

 

2.8

%

Non-deductible transaction costs

 

 

877

 

 

 

8.2

%

Non-deductible stock compensation

 

 

291

 

 

 

2.7

%

Permanent differences

 

 

129

 

 

 

1.2

%

Change in valuation allowance.

 

 

2,323

 

 

 

21.7

%

Total

 

$

 

 

 

0.0

%

The following table details the components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities:

 

 

As of December 31,

 

(in thousands of dollars)

 

Percent

 

 

2024

 

Deferred tax assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net operating loss carryforwards

 

$

7,483

 

 

$

3,613

 

Capitalized research and development

 

 

1,108

 

 

 

1,273

 

Lease liability

 

 

506

 

 

 

291

 

Accrued liabilities

 

 

174

 

 

 

221

 

Stock compensation

 

 

473

 

 

 

279

 

   Gross Deferred tax assets

 

 

9,744

 

 

 

5,677

 

Valuation allowance

 

 

(9,232

)

 

 

(5,258

)

   Deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance

 

 

512

 

 

 

419

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deferred tax liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lease right-of-use asset

 

 

(500

)

 

 

(292

)

Fixed assets

 

 

(12

)

 

 

(127

)

   Gross Deferred tax liabilities

 

 

(512

)

 

 

(419

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

   Net deferred tax assets

 

$

 

 

$

 

As a result of generating net operating losses during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no income tax expense for years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had U.S. federal net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of $33.7 million and state NOL carryforwards of $4.5 million. The federal NOL carries forward indefinitely and may become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest. Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) imposes limits on the ability to use NOL carryforwards that existed prior to a change in control to offset future taxable income. Such limitations would reduce, potentially significantly, the gross deferred tax assets disclosed in the table above related to the NOL carryforwards. The Company continues to disclose the NOL carryforwards at their original amount in the table above as no potential limitation has been quantified. The Company has also established a full valuation allowance for all deferred tax assets,including the NOL carryforwards, since the Company could not conclude that it was more likely than not able to generate future taxable income to realize these assets.

Management has evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and has determined that it is more likely than not that the Company will not recognize the benefits of the net deferred tax assets. As a result, the Company has recorded a full valuation allowance at December 31, 2025 and 2024. The Company will continue to assess the realizability of its deferred tax assets going forward and will adjust the valuation allowance as needed.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had no uncertain tax positions. The Company recognizes both interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense. The Company has not recorded any interest or penalties for unrecognized tax benefits since its inception, and no taxes are due.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), which was signed into law on July 4, 2025, extends and modifies certain key provisions of the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The OBBBA change most relevant to the Company is full expensing of domestic research and experimental expenditures and bonus depreciation of qualified property. Although OBBBA allows taxpayers to immediately expense qualified personal depreciable property, the Company has not elected to deduct 100% bonus depreciation for qualified property. The Company will continue to evaluate the impacts of OBBBA when future guidance is issued.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 24, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 31, 2025
2023Feb 29, 2024

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.