GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES
Goodwill
BancShares applied the acquisition method of accounting for the CIT Merger. The fair value of the net assets acquired exceeded the purchase price. Consequently, there was a gain on acquisition (and no goodwill) related to the CIT Merger as discussed further in Note 2 — Business Combinations.

BancShares’ annual impairment test, conducted as of July 31 each year, or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change that may trigger a decline in the value of the reporting unit or otherwise indicate that a potential impairment exists, resulted in no indication of goodwill impairment. Subsequent to the annual impairment test, there were no events or changes in circumstances that would indicate goodwill should be tested for impairment during the interim period between annual tests. BancShares had goodwill of $346 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021. The entire amount of goodwill relates to business combinations that BancShares completed prior to the CIT Merger and is reported in the General Banking segment. There was no goodwill impairment during 2022, 2021 or 2020.

The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the years ending December 31, 2022 and 2021:
Year ended December 31
dollars in millions20222021
Balance at January 1$346 $350 
Other adjustment— (4)
Balance at December 31$346 $346 

Core Deposit Intangibles
Core deposit intangibles represent the estimated fair value of core deposits and other customer relationships acquired. Core deposit intangibles are being amortized over their estimated useful life. The following tables summarize the activity for core deposit intangibles for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Core Deposit Intangibles
Year ended December 31
dollars in millions20222021
Balance, net of accumulated amortization at January 1$19 $30 
Core deposit intangibles related to the CIT Merger143 — 
Amortization for the period(22)(11)
Balance at December 31, net of accumulated amortization$140 $19 

Core Deposit Intangible Accumulated Amortization
dollars in millionsDecember 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Gross balance$271 $128 
Accumulated amortization(131)(109)
Balance, net of accumulated amortization$140 $19 
The following table summarizes the expected amortization expense as of December 31, 2022 in subsequent periods for core deposit intangibles.

Core Deposit Intangible Expected Amortization
dollars in millions
2023$19 
202417 
202516 
202615 
202715 
Thereafter58 
Total$140 

Intangible Liability
An intangible liability of $52 million was recorded in other liabilities for net below market lessor lease contract rental rates related to the rail portfolio as a result of the CIT Merger. This lease intangible is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, thereby increasing rental income (a component of noninterest income) over the remaining term of the lease agreements.

The following tables summarize the activity for the intangible liability for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Intangible Liability
dollars in millions2022
Balance at January 1$— 
Acquired in CIT Merger52 
Amortization for the period(16)
Balance at December 31, net of accumulated amortization$36 

The following table summarizes the expected amortization as of December 31, 2022 in subsequent periods for the intangible liability.

Intangible Liability
dollars in millions
2023$12 
2024
2025
2026
2027
Thereafter
Total$36 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2022Feb 24, 2023Showing above
2021Feb 25, 2022
2020Feb 24, 2021
2019Feb 26, 2020
2018Feb 20, 2019
2017Feb 21, 2018
2016Feb 22, 2017
2015Feb 24, 2016

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.