Note 10. Equity-Based Compensation

The Company has included equity-based compensation expense as part of cost of revenue and operating expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations as follows:

 

 

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

 

 

(in thousands)

 

Cost of revenue

 

$

6,827

 

 

$

7,799

 

 

$

9,749

 

Research and development

 

 

13,231

 

 

 

14,971

 

 

 

14,873

 

Selling and marketing

 

 

3,016

 

 

 

3,907

 

 

 

4,964

 

General and administrative

 

 

16,508

 

 

 

17,804

 

 

 

13,336

 

Total

 

$

39,582

 

 

$

44,481

 

 

$

42,922

 

The actual tax expense realized from tax deductions related to awards vested or exercised were $3.5 million, $3.4 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

Award Activity

Option Awards

The following table summarizes activity for options to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock in the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023:

 

 

 

Number
of Shares
Subject to
Options
(in thousands)

 

 

Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price

 

 

Weighted-
Average
Grant Date Fair Value

 

 

Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
(in years)

 

 

Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands) (1)

 

Balance at December 31, 2022

 

 

212

 

 

$

4.21

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.7

 

 

$

5,420

 

Granted

 

 

20

 

 

$

33.14

 

 

$

24.85

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised

 

 

(9

)

 

$

0.38

 

 

$

10.76

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Canceled

 

 

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2023

 

 

223

 

 

$

6.96

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.3

 

 

$

4,906

 

Granted

 

 

5

 

 

$

22.50

 

 

$

16.42

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised

 

 

(133

)

 

$

0.38

 

 

$

2.58

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Canceled

 

 

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2024

 

 

95

 

 

$

17.07

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.7

 

 

$

134

 

Granted

 

 

6

 

 

$

20.04

 

 

$

14.26

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Exercised

 

 

(2

)

 

$

0.38

 

 

$

4.24

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Canceled

 

 

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance at December 31, 2025

 

 

99

 

 

$

17.68

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.2

 

 

$

852

 

Exercisable as of December 31, 2025

 

 

81

 

 

$

14.98

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.3

 

 

 

 

 

(1)
Aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between (i) the exercise price of options and (ii) the market value of the Company’s common stock as of the applicable date.

The total fair value of options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was $0.3 million, $0.3 million and $0.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to all outstanding option awards was $0.3 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

RSU Awards

RSUs are awards that entitle the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock upon satisfaction of vesting conditions. Each RSU represents the contingent right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock upon vesting and settlement.

The following table summarizes activity for RSUs relating to shares of the Company’s common stock in the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023:

 

 

Number of
Shares
(in thousands)

 

 

Weighted-Average
Grant Date
Fair Value

 

Balance at December 31, 2022

 

 

2,631

 

 

$

47.76

 

Granted

 

 

853

 

 

$

34.38

 

Vested and settled

 

 

(1,066

)

 

$

43.84

 

Forfeited

 

 

(208

)

 

$

54.72

 

Balance at December 31, 2023

 

 

2,210

 

 

$

43.84

 

Granted

 

 

1,142

 

 

$

23.47

 

Vested and settled

 

 

(1,004

)

 

$

43.66

 

Forfeited

 

 

(142

)

 

$

37.39

 

Balance at December 31, 2024

 

 

2,206

 

 

$

33.85

 

Granted

 

 

1,166

 

 

$

23.08

 

Vested and settled

 

 

(1,049

)

 

$

43.66

 

Forfeited

 

 

(90

)

 

$

37.39

 

Balance at December 31, 2025

 

 

2,233

 

 

$

33.85

 

The RSU awards granted in the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 will result in aggregate equity-based compensation expense of $26.7 million, $26.9 million and $29.3 million, respectively, to be recognized over the vesting periods from the vesting commencement date of each award granted in the period. As of December 31, 2025, the remaining unrecognized compensation expense related to all outstanding RSU awards was $43.0 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.2 years.

Fair Value Assumptions for Option Awards

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to measure the fair value of option awards. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the input of various assumptions, each of which is subjective and requires significant judgment. These assumptions include the following:

Expected Term. The expected term represents the period that the Company’s equity-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The Company determines the expected term assumption based on the vesting terms, exercise terms and contractual terms of the options.

 

Risk-Free Interest Rate. The Company determines the risk-free interest rate by using the equivalent to the expected term based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect as of the date of grant.

 

Dividend Yield. The assumed dividend yield is based on the Company’s expectation that it will not pay dividends in the foreseeable future, which is consistent with its history of not paying dividends.

 

Expected Volatility. The Company calculates expected volatility based on historical volatility data of its stock that is publicly traded.

 

Forfeiture Rate. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur.

Awards to Employees

The table below sets forth the weighted-average assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of options to acquire shares of the Company’s common stock granted to employees during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023.

 

 

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

Expected term (in years)

 

 

6.1

 

 

 

6.1

 

 

 

6.1

 

Risk-free interest rates

 

 

4.1

%

 

 

4.3

%

 

 

3.8

%

Dividend yield

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Expected volatility

 

 

79.1

%

 

 

82.2

%

 

 

87.3

%

 

Determination of Fair Value on Grant Dates and Shares Reserved

The fair value of the shares of the Company’s common stock underlying option and RSU awards is determined by the Company’s board of directors or the compensation committee thereof based on the closing sales price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant as reported by the Nasdaq Global Market.

The Company reserved for issuance 8.9 million shares of its common stock for the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, RSUs, dividend equivalent rights and other stock and cash-based awards under the Company’s Amended and Restated 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan, plus another 0.7 million shares of its common stock that will be available for issuance solely pursuant to the converted Fulgent, LLC awards. The options must be exercised no later than the expiration date set forth in the notice.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 27, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 28, 2025
2023Feb 28, 2024
2022Feb 28, 2023
2021Feb 28, 2022
2020Mar 8, 2021
2019Mar 13, 2020
2017Mar 20, 2018

About Stock Compensation Disclosures

Stock-based compensation disclosures detail the equity awards granted to employees and executives — including stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), and performance shares — along with the valuation methods and assumptions used to expense them. This section reveals the true cost of talent retention and the alignment between management incentives and shareholder interests.

Key signals: total unrecognized compensation expense and its expected recognition period signal future earnings headwinds from already-granted awards. For stock options, examine Black-Scholes assumptions — expected volatility, risk-free rate, and expected term — as understating any of these reduces reported compensation expense. Compare stock compensation expense as a percentage of revenue against peers to assess dilution cost. Watch vesting schedules for acceleration clauses tied to change-of-control events. Performance-based awards with undemanding targets may indicate weak governance. Add back stock compensation to operating cash flow to calculate a more conservative free cash flow figure.