GERMAN AMERICAN BANCORP, INC.GABC
GERMAN AMERICAN BANCORP, INC. Fair Value Disclosure
Fair Value
Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. There are three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:
Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity has the ability to access as of the measurement date.
Level 2: Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3: Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a reporting entity’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.
The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of each type of financial instrument:
Investment Securities: The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For investment securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar investment securities (Level 2). For investment securities where quoted prices or market prices of similar investment securities are not available, fair values are calculated using discounted cash flows or other market indicators (Level 3). Level 3 pricing is obtained from a third-party based upon similar trades that are not traded frequently without adjustment by the Company. At December 31, 2025, the Company held no Level 3 securities. Absent the credit rating, significant assumptions must be made such that the credit risk input becomes an unobservable input and thus these investment securities are reported by the Company in a Level 3 classification.
Derivatives: The fair values of derivatives are based on valuation models using observable market data as of the measurement date (Level 2).
Collateral Dependent Loans: Fair values for collateral dependent loans are generally based on appraisals obtained from licensed real estate appraisers and in certain circumstances includes consideration of offers obtained to purchase properties prior to foreclosure. Appraisals for commercial real estate generally use three methods to derive value: cost, sales or market comparison and income approach. The cost method bases value in the cost to replace the current property. Value of market comparison approach evaluates the sales price of similar properties in the same market area. The income approach considers net operating income generated by the property and an investor’s required return. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the independent appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Comparable sales adjustments are based on known sales prices of similar type and similar use properties and duration of time that the property has been on the market to sell. Such adjustments made in the appraisal process are typically significant and result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.
Appraisals for both collateral-dependent impaired loans and other real estate owned are performed by certified general appraisers (for commercial properties) or certified residential appraisers (for residential properties) whose qualifications and licenses have been reviewed and verified by the Company. Once received, a member of the Company’s Risk Management Area reviews the assumptions and approaches utilized in the appraisal. In determining the value of impaired collateral dependent loans and other real estate owned, significant unobservable inputs may be used which include: physical condition of comparable properties sold, net operating income generated by the property and investor rates of return.
Other Real Estate: Nonrecurring adjustments to certain commercial and residential real estate properties classified as other real estate (ORE) are measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value, less costs to sell. Fair values are generally based on third party appraisals of the property utilizing similar techniques as discussed above for Impaired Loans, resulting in a Level 3 classification. In cases where the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, less costs to sell, impairment loss is recognized.
Mortgage Servicing Rights (MSR): On a quarterly basis, mortgage servicing rights are evaluated for impairment based upon the fair value of the rights as compared to carrying amount. If the carrying amount exceeds fair value, impairment is determined and recorded. The fair value of MSRs is determined by discounting estimated future cash flows from the servicing assets, using market discount rates and expected future prepayment rates stratifying the MSRs into groupings based on predominant risk characteristics, such as loan type, term and interest rate as well as time period originated.
Loans Held-for-Sale: The fair values of loans held for sale are determined by using quoted prices for similar assets, adjusted for specific attributes of that loan resulting in a Level 2 classification.
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including financial assets and liabilities for which the Company has elected the fair value option, are summarized below:
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025 Using | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury | $ | 152,090 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 152,090 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Obligations of State and Political Subdivisions | — | 497,606 | — | 497,606 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| MBS/CMO | — | 719,542 | — | 719,542 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| US Gov’t Sponsored Entities & Agencies | — | 288,156 | — | 288,156 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Securities | $ | 152,090 | $ | 1,505,304 | $ | — | $ | 1,657,394 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loans Held-for-Sale | $ | — | $ | 7,817 | $ | — | $ | 7,817 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mortgage Servicing Rights | $ | — | $ | 4,544 | $ | — | $ | 4,544 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative Assets | $ | — | $ | 4,145 | $ | — | $ | 4,145 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative Liabilities | $ | — | $ | 4,212 | $ | — | $ | 4,212 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. Treasury | $ | 110,864 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 110,864 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Obligations of State and Political Subdivisions | — | 463,169 | — | $ | 463,169 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| MBS/CMO | — | 702,179 | — | $ | 702,179 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| US Gov’t Sponsored Entities & Agencies | — | 241,075 | — | 241,075 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Securities | $ | 110,864 | $ | 1,406,423 | $ | — | $ | 1,517,287 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Loans Held-for-Sale | $ | — | $ | 8,239 | $ | — | $ | 8,239 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Mortgage Servicing Rights | $ | — | $ | 179 | $ | — | $ | 179 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative Assets | $ | — | $ | 6,439 | $ | — | $ | 6,439 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative Liabilities | $ | — | $ | 6,476 | $ | — | $ | 6,476 | ||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the aggregate fair value, contractual balance (including accrued interest), and gain or loss on Loans Held-for-Sale were as follows:
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||
| Aggregate Fair Value | $ | 7,817 | $ | 8,239 | ||||||||||
| Contractual Balance | 7,660 | 8,111 | ||||||||||||
| Gain (Loss) | 157 | 128 | ||||||||||||
The total amount of gains(losses) from changes in fair value included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 for loans held for sale were $29, $27, and $(25), respectively.
The table below presents a reconciliation of all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the twelve months ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:
| Obligations of State and Political Subdivisions | MBS/CMO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance of Recurring Level 3 Assets at January 1 | $ | — | $ | 75 | $ | — | $ | 984 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total Gains (Losses) Included in Other Comprehensive Income | — | 2 | — | 69 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Maturities / Calls | — | (15) | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Transfers out of Level 3 | — | (62) | — | (1,053) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance of Recurring Level 3 Assets at December 31 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||
Of the total gain/loss included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, $0 and $56 was attributable to other changes in fair value, respectively.
As of December 31, 2024, one MBS/CMO Security with a fair value of $1,053 and one Obligation of State and Political Subdivisions security with a fair value of $62 were transferred from Level 3 to Level 2 because observable market data became available.
Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Non-Recurring Basis
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below:
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025 Using | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and Industrial Loans | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 14,914 | $ | 14,914 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial Real Estate Loans | — | — | 23,698 | 23,698 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agricultural Loans | — | — | 2,544 | 2,544 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer Loans | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home Equity Loans | — | — | 330 | 330 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential Mortgage Loans | — | — | 366 | 366 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial and Industrial Loans | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 3,695 | $ | 3,695 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Commercial Real Estate Loans | — | — | 1,402 | 1,402 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Agricultural Loans | — | — | 1,910 | 1,910 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consumer Loans | — | — | 10 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Home Equity Loans | — | — | 328 | 328 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Residential Mortgage Loans | — | — | 303 | 303 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
There was no Other Real Estate carried at fair value less costs to sell at December 31, 2025 and 2024. No charge to earnings was included in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.
The following table presents quantitative information about Level 3 fair value measurements for financial instruments measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis at December 31, 2025 and 2024:
| December 31, 2025 | Fair Value | Valuation Technique(s) | Unobservable Input(s) | Range (Weighted Average) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Commercial and Industrial Loans | $ | 14,914 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 7% - 100% (69%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Commercial Real Estate Loans | $ | 23,698 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 20% - 100% (89%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Agricultural Loans | $ | 2,544 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 10% - 53% (37%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Consumer Loans | $ | — | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 0% - 0% (0%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Home Equity Loans | $ | 330 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 20% - 20% (20%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Residential Mortgage Loans | $ | 366 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 20% -20% (20%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2024 | Fair Value | Valuation Technique(s) | Unobservable Input(s) | Range (Weighted Average) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Commercial and Industrial Loans | $ | 3,695 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 30% - 88% (53%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Commercial Real Estate Loans | $ | 1,402 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 30% - 68% (46%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Agricultural Loans | $ | 1,910 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 30% - 100% (57%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Consumer Loans | $ | 10 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 20% - 20% (20%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Home Equity Loans | $ | 328 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 20% - 20% (20%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Collateral Dependent Loans - Residential Mortgage Loans | $ | 303 | Sales comparison approach | Adjustment for physical condition of comparable properties sold | 20% - 20% (20%) | |||||||||||||||||||||
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments not previously presented are provided in the tables below for the periods ending December 31, 2025 and 2024. Not all of the Company’s assets and liabilities are considered financial instruments, and therefore are not included in the tables. Because no active market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates were based on subjective judgments, and therefore cannot be determined with precision.
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2025 Using | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carrying Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and Short-term Investments | $ | 118,382 | $ | 71,428 | $ | 46,954 | $ | — | $ | 118,382 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest Bearing Time Deposits with Banks | 500 | — | 500 | — | 500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans, Net | 5,755,551 | — | — | 5,702,933 | 5,702,933 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued Interest Receivable | 38,997 | — | 9,496 | 29,501 | 38,997 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Demand, Savings, and Money Market Deposits | (5,700,205) | (5,700,205) | — | — | (5,700,205) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time Deposits | (1,289,537) | — | (1,286,002) | — | (1,286,002) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term Borrowings | (43,852) | — | (43,852) | — | (43,852) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term Debt | (138,831) | — | (102,892) | (34,126) | (137,018) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued Interest Payable | (10,243) | — | (9,925) | (318) | (10,243) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Carrying Value | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and Short-term Investments | $ | 188,792 | $ | 69,249 | $ | 119,543 | $ | — | $ | 188,792 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest Bearing Time Deposits with Banks | 500 | — | 500 | — | 500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Loans, Net | 4,072,818 | — | — | 3,993,595 | 3,993,595 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued Interest Receivable | 31,280 | — | 8,499 | 22,781 | 31,280 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Demand, Savings, and Money Market Deposits | (4,412,474) | (4,412,474) | — | — | (4,412,474) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time Deposits | (916,601) | — | (911,059) | — | (911,059) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Short-term Borrowings | (56,862) | — | (56,862) | — | (56,862) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Long-term Debt | (153,269) | — | (77,591) | (75,210) | (152,801) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accrued Interest Payable | (8,468) | — | (8,116) | (352) | (8,468) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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About Fair Value Disclosures
Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.
Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.