GENERAL DYNAMICS CORPGD
GENERAL DYNAMICS CORP Revenue Disclosure
REVENUE
Performance Obligations. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer, and is the unit of account for revenue. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation within that contract and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. The majority of our contracts have a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contracts and is, therefore, not distinct. Some of our contracts have multiple performance obligations, most commonly due to the contract covering multiple phases of the product life cycle (development, production, maintenance and support). For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using our best estimate of the standalone selling price of each distinct good or service in the contract. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the expected cost plus a margin approach, under which we forecast our expected costs of satisfying a performance obligation and then add an appropriate margin for that distinct good or service. We classify revenue as products or services based on the predominant attributes of the associated performance obligation.
Contract modifications are routine in the performance of our contracts. Contracts are often modified to account for changes in customer specifications or requirements. In most instances, contract modifications are for goods or services that are not distinct and, therefore, are accounted for as part of the existing contract.
Our performance obligations are satisfied over time as work progresses or at a point in time. Revenue from products and services transferred to customers over time accounted for 75% of our revenue in 2025, 76% in 2024 and 79% in 2023. Substantially all of our revenue in the defense segments is recognized over time because control is transferred continuously to our customers. Typically, revenue
is recognized over time using costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying our performance obligations. Incurred costs represent work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Contract costs include labor, material, overhead and, when appropriate, G&A expenses.
Revenue from goods and services transferred to customers at a point in time accounted for 25% of our revenue in 2025, 24% in 2024 and 21% in 2023. Most of our revenue recognized at a point in time is for the manufacture of business jet aircraft in our Aerospace segment. Revenue on these contracts is recognized when the customer obtains control of the asset, which is generally upon delivery and acceptance by the customer of the fully outfitted aircraft.
On December 31, 2025, we had $118 billion of remaining performance obligations, which we refer to as total backlog. We expect to recognize approximately 35% of our remaining performance obligations as revenue in 2026, an additional 35% by the end of 2028 and the balance thereafter.
Contract Estimates. The majority of our revenue is derived from long-term contracts and programs that can span several years. Accounting for long-term contracts and programs involves the use of various techniques to estimate total contract revenue and costs. We estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete a contract and recognize that profit over the life of the contract.
Contract estimates are based on various assumptions to project the outcome of future events that often span several years. These assumptions include labor productivity and availability; the complexity of the work to be performed; the cost and availability of materials; the performance of subcontractors; and the availability and timing of funding from the customer.
The nature of our contracts gives rise to several types of variable consideration, including claims, award fees and incentive fees. We include in our contract estimates additional revenue for contract modifications or claims against the customer when we believe we have an enforceable right to the modification or claim, the amount can be estimated reliably and its realization is probable. In evaluating these criteria, we consider the contractual/legal basis for the claim, the cause of any additional costs incurred, the reasonableness of those costs and the objective evidence available to support the claim. We include award fees or incentive fees in the estimated transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the fee. These estimates are based on historical award experience, anticipated performance and our best informed judgment at the time.
As a significant change in one or more of these estimates could affect the profitability of our contracts, we review and update our contract-related estimates regularly. We recognize adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on profit recorded to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. Revenue and profit in future periods of contract performance are recognized using the adjusted estimate. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicates an anticipated loss on the contract, we recognize the total loss in the period it is identified.
The impact of adjustments in contract estimates on our operating earnings can be reflected in either operating costs and expenses or revenue. The aggregate impact of adjustments in contract estimates changed our revenue, operating earnings and diluted earnings per share as follows:
| Year Ended December 31 | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 302 | $ | 176 | $ | 191 | |||||||||||
| Operating earnings | 160 | 56 | 112 | ||||||||||||||
| Diluted earnings per share | $ | 0.46 | $ | 0.16 | $ | 0.32 | |||||||||||
While no adjustment on any one contract was material to the Consolidated Financial Statements in 2025, 2024 or 2023, our Marine Systems segment’s 2024 results were affected negatively by supplier quality issues and late supply chain deliveries causing cost growth and schedule delays on the Virginia-class submarine Block IV contract.
We have a large, long-term contract with an international customer for tracked vehicles in which our estimates for contract revenue include variable consideration. It is reasonably possible that the actual amount of variable consideration realized could be less than our estimate, which could have a material unfavorable impact on our results of operations.
Revenue by Category. Our portfolio of products and services consists of more than 8,000 active contracts. The following series of tables presents our revenue disaggregated by several categories.
Revenue by major products and services was as follows:
| Year Ended December 31 | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | ||||||||||||||
| Aircraft manufacturing | $ | 9,413 | $ | 7,811 | $ | 5,710 | |||||||||||
| Aircraft services | 3,697 | 3,438 | 2,911 | ||||||||||||||
| Total Aerospace | 13,110 | 11,249 | 8,621 | ||||||||||||||
| Nuclear-powered submarines | 12,608 | 10,392 | 8,631 | ||||||||||||||
| Surface ships | 2,932 | 2,819 | 2,698 | ||||||||||||||
| Repair and other services | 1,183 | 1,132 | 1,132 | ||||||||||||||
| Total Marine Systems | 16,723 | 14,343 | 12,461 | ||||||||||||||
| Military vehicles | 4,970 | 5,101 | 5,036 | ||||||||||||||
| Weapon systems and munitions | 3,104 | 2,932 | 2,442 | ||||||||||||||
| Engineering and other services | 1,172 | 964 | 790 | ||||||||||||||
| Total Combat Systems | 9,246 | 8,997 | 8,268 | ||||||||||||||
| Information technology (IT) services | 9,057 | 8,761 | 8,459 | ||||||||||||||
| C5ISR* solutions | 4,414 | 4,366 | 4,463 | ||||||||||||||
| Total Technologies | 13,471 | 13,127 | 12,922 | ||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 52,550 | $ | 47,716 | $ | 42,272 | |||||||||||
*Command, control, communications, computers, cyber, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance
Revenue by contract type was as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2025 | Aerospace | Marine Systems | Combat Systems | Technologies | Total Revenue | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-price | $ | 12,050 | $ | 7,995 | $ | 8,131 | $ | 5,577 | $ | 33,753 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost-reimbursement | — | 8,725 | 1,038 | 5,910 | 15,673 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time-and-materials | 1,060 | 3 | 77 | 1,984 | 3,124 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 13,110 | $ | 16,723 | $ | 9,246 | $ | 13,471 | $ | 52,550 | |||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-price | $ | 10,250 | $ | 6,800 | $ | 7,973 | $ | 5,376 | $ | 30,399 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost-reimbursement | — | 7,542 | 951 | 5,749 | 14,242 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time-and-materials | 999 | 1 | 73 | 2,002 | 3,075 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 11,249 | $ | 14,343 | $ | 8,997 | $ | 13,127 | $ | 47,716 | |||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-price | $ | 7,645 | $ | 6,202 | $ | 7,321 | $ | 5,646 | $ | 26,814 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cost-reimbursement | — | 6,258 | 880 | 5,457 | 12,595 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Time-and-materials | 976 | 1 | 67 | 1,819 | 2,863 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 8,621 | $ | 12,461 | $ | 8,268 | $ | 12,922 | $ | 42,272 | |||||||||||||||||||
Our segments operate under fixed-price, cost-reimbursement and time-and-materials contracts. Our production contracts are primarily fixed-price. Under these contracts, we agree to perform a specific scope of work for a fixed amount. Contracts for research, engineering, repair and maintenance, and other services are typically cost-reimbursement or time-and-materials. Under cost-reimbursement contracts, the customer reimburses contract costs incurred and pays a fixed, incentive or award-based fee. The amount for an incentive or award fee is determined by our ability to achieve targets set in the contract, such as cost, quality, schedule and performance. Under time-and-materials contracts, the customer pays a fixed hourly rate for direct labor and generally reimburses us for the cost of materials.
Each of these contract types presents advantages and disadvantages. Typically, we assume more risk with fixed-price contracts. However, these types of contracts offer additional profits when we complete the work for less than originally estimated. Cost-reimbursement contracts generally subject us to lower risk. Accordingly, the associated base fees are usually lower than fees earned on fixed-price contracts. Under time-and-materials contracts, our profit may vary if actual labor-hour rates vary significantly from the negotiated rates. Also, because these contracts may provide little or no fee for managing material costs, the content mix can impact profitability.
Revenue by customer was as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2025 | Aerospace | Marine Systems | Combat Systems | Technologies | Total Revenue | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Department of War (DoW) | $ | 311 | $ | 16,575 | $ | 4,966 | $ | 7,936 | $ | 29,788 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Non-DoW | 84 | 3 | 12 | 4,855 | 4,954 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign military sales (FMS) | 18 | 136 | 849 | 12 | 1,015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total U.S. government | 413 | 16,714 | 5,827 | 12,803 | 35,757 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. commercial | 7,149 | 4 | 236 | 168 | 7,557 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-U.S. government | 954 | 5 | 2,981 | 465 | 4,405 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-U.S. commercial | 4,594 | — | 202 | 35 | 4,831 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 13,110 | $ | 16,723 | $ | 9,246 | $ | 13,471 | $ | 52,550 | |||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DoW | $ | 253 | $ | 14,204 | $ | 5,102 | $ | 7,632 | $ | 27,191 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Non-DoW | — | 2 | 8 | 4,800 | 4,810 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FMS | 43 | 132 | 857 | 31 | 1,063 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total U.S. government | 296 | 14,338 | 5,967 | 12,463 | 33,064 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. commercial | 6,237 | 2 | 258 | 198 | 6,695 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-U.S. government | 1,447 | 3 | 2,599 | 422 | 4,471 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-U.S. commercial | 3,269 | — | 173 | 44 | 3,486 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 11,249 | $ | 14,343 | $ | 8,997 | $ | 13,127 | $ | 47,716 | |||||||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. government: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| DoW | $ | 303 | $ | 12,325 | $ | 4,580 | $ | 7,512 | $ | 24,720 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Non-DoW | — | 3 | 10 | 4,698 | 4,711 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FMS | 69 | 129 | 651 | 47 | 896 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total U.S. government | 372 | 12,457 | 5,241 | 12,257 | 30,327 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. commercial | 5,398 | 2 | 233 | 200 | 5,833 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-U.S. government | 493 | 2 | 2,692 | 388 | 3,575 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-U.S. commercial | 2,358 | — | 102 | 77 | 2,537 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 8,621 | $ | 12,461 | $ | 8,268 | $ | 12,922 | $ | 42,272 | |||||||||||||||||||
Contract Balances. The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in billed accounts receivable, unbilled receivables (contract assets), and customer advances and deposits (contract liabilities) on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. In our defense segments, amounts are billed as work progresses in accordance with agreed-upon contractual terms, either at periodic intervals (e.g., biweekly or monthly) or upon achievement of contractual milestones. Generally, billing occurs subsequent to revenue recognition, resulting in contract assets. However, we sometimes receive advances or deposits from our customers, particularly on our international contracts, before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities. These assets and liabilities are reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheet on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. In our Aerospace segment, we generally receive deposits from customers upon contract execution and upon achievement of contractual milestones. These deposits are liquidated when revenue is recognized. Changes in the contract asset and
liability balances during the year ended December 31, 2025, were not materially impacted by any other factors.
Revenue recognized in 2025, 2024 and 2023 that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of each year was $8 billion, $5.8 billion and $4.2 billion, respectively. This revenue represented primarily the sale of business jet aircraft.
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Historical Timeline
| Fiscal Year | Filed | |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Jan 30, 2026 | Showing above |
| 2024 | Feb 7, 2025 | |
| 2023 | Feb 8, 2024 | |
| 2022 | Feb 7, 2023 | |
| 2021 | Feb 9, 2022 | |
| 2020 | Feb 9, 2021 | |
| 2019 | Feb 10, 2020 | |
| 2018 | Feb 13, 2019 | |
| 2017 | Feb 12, 2018 | |
| 2016 | Feb 6, 2017 | |
About Revenue Disclosures
Revenue disclosures under ASC 606 explain how a company identifies performance obligations, allocates transaction prices, and determines when revenue is recognized. This section is essential for understanding whether reported revenue reflects genuine economic activity or aggressive accounting choices. Analysts examine the mix of point-in-time versus over-time recognition, which directly affects revenue timing and comparability.
Key signals: rising contract liabilities (deferred revenue) suggest strong future revenue visibility, while declining contract assets may indicate slowing project milestones. Watch for variable consideration estimates — rebates, returns, and performance bonuses that require management judgment. Significant changes in disaggregated revenue by geography or product line can reveal shifting business mix before it appears in headline numbers. Compare revenue growth against contract liability growth to assess sustainability, and scrutinize any changes in the timing of recognition that coincide with earnings pressure.