19.  Effects of Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures”. The ASU expands the scope and frequency of segment disclosures and introduces the concept of a “significant expense principle,” which requires entities to disclose significant expense categories and amounts that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) and included within the reported measure of a segment’s profit or loss. The ASU also changes current

disclosure requirements by allowing entities to report multiple measures of a segment’s profit or loss, provided the reported measures are used by the CODM to assess performance and allocate resources and that the measure closest to GAAP is also provided. Finally, the ASU requires all segment profit or loss and assets disclosures to be provided on both an annual and interim basis and requires entities to disclose the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 retrospectively for the annual periods presented in the financial statements during the year ended January 31, 2025. The adoption of this standard resulted in additional disclosures for segment reporting. See Note 14 – Segments for further details on the adoption of ASU 2023-07.

Accounting Guidance Issued Being Evaluated for Adoption

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures”. The ASU requires public companies to disclose, on an annual basis, a tabular reconciliation of the effective tax rate to the statutory rate for federal, state and foreign income taxes. It also requires greater detail about individual reconciling items in the rate reconciliation to the extent the impact of those items exceeds a specified threshold. In addition, the ASU requires public companies to disclose their income tax payments (net of refunds received), disaggregated between federal, state/local and foreign jurisdictions. ASU 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the standard and determining the extent of additional disclosures that may be required.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses”. The ASU requires public entities to disclose more detailed information about certain costs and expenses presented in the income statement, including inventory purchases, employee compensation, selling expenses, depreciation and intangible asset amortization. ASU 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively; however, retrospective application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2024-03 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

About New Standards Disclosures

New accounting standards disclosures describe recently adopted pronouncements and those not yet effective, along with management's assessment of their expected impact. This section provides an early warning system for upcoming changes to how a company reports its financial results, often years before the new rules take effect.

Key signals: when management describes a not-yet-adopted standard's impact as "material" or "still being evaluated," it signals potential significant changes to reported metrics upon adoption. Watch for standards that affect a company's core operations — for example, revenue recognition changes for software companies or lease accounting changes for retailers with large store footprints. The transition method chosen (full retrospective versus modified retrospective) affects comparability with prior periods. Companies that delay adoption to the latest permitted date may be struggling with implementation complexity. Compare the disclosed impact assessments against peers in the same industry to gauge whether management's expectations are reasonable.