3. Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

 

Fair Value Measured as of December 31, 2025

 

($ in thousands)

 

Level 1

 

 

Level 2

 

 

Level 3

 

 

Total

 

Assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash equivalents (money market funds)

 

$

43,887

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

43,887

 

Common Stock Purchase Agreement derivative asset

 

 

 

 

 

672

 

 

 

 

 

 

672

 

Total financial assets

 

$

43,887

 

 

$

672

 

 

$

 

 

$

44,559

 

Liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contingent Earnout Liability

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

11,492

 

 

$

11,492

 

Private Placement Warrants liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

 

 

 

15

 

October 2024 RDO Warrants liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

862

 

 

 

862

 

November 2024 RDO Warrants liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

437

 

 

 

437

 

October 2025 RDO Warrants liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16,356

 

 

 

16,356

 

Loan Agreement Warrants liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,722

 

 

 

1,722

 

Loan Agreement conversion derivative liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

850

 

 

 

850

 

JDRF Agreement derivative liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

216

 

 

 

216

 

Total financial liabilities

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

31,950

 

 

$

31,950

 

 

 

Fair Value Measured as of December 31, 2024

 

($ in thousands)

 

Level 1

 

 

Level 2

 

 

Level 3

 

 

Total

 

Assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash equivalents (money market funds)

 

$

32,044

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

32,044

 

Common Stock Purchase Agreement derivative asset

 

 

 

 

 

672

 

 

 

 

 

 

672

 

Total financial assets

 

$

32,044

 

 

$

672

 

 

$

 

 

$

32,716

 

Liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contingent Earnout Liability

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

70,961

 

 

$

70,961

 

Contingent derivative liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2,415

 

 

 

2,415

 

Private Placement Warrants liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

385

 

 

 

385

 

October 2024 RDO Warrants liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

12,437

 

 

 

12,437

 

November 2024 RDO Warrants liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6,432

 

 

 

6,432

 

Option Agreement liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

64

 

 

 

64

 

JDRF Agreement derivative liability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

121

 

 

 

121

 

Total financial liabilities

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

92,815

 

 

$

92,815

 

The Company’s money market funds are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy because they are valued using quoted market prices. The carrying values of cash, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 approximated their fair values due to the short-term nature of these items.

The fair value of the Contingent Earnout Liability, Contingent derivative liability related to the Put Option (as defined in Note 7 and discussed below), Private Placement Warrants liability, liabilities associated with the Registered Direct Offering Warrants (as defined in Note 10), Option Agreement liability (as defined in Note 7), the derivative liability associated with the JDRF Agreement Disposition Payment, Loan Agreement Warrants liability (as defined in Note 10), and Loan Agreement conversion derivative liability are based on significant unobservable inputs, which represent Level 3 measurements within the fair value hierarchy. The fair values of the Private Placement Warrants liability, Loan Agreement Warrants liability, and the liabilities associated with the Registered Direct Offering Warrants are included in common stock warrant liabilities on the

consolidated balance sheets. The fair values of the Option Agreement liability, the Loan Agreement conversion derivative liability, and the derivative liability associated with the JDRF Agreement Disposition Payment are included in other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

Common Stock Purchase Agreement

The Company evaluated the Common Stock Purchase Agreement and determined that the agreement should be accounted for in accordance with ASC 815-40, “Derivatives and Hedging — Contracts on an Entity’s Own Equity.” Accordingly, the Company recorded a derivative asset with an initial fair value based on the 115,705 shares of Common Stock issued to Lincoln Park as consideration for its irrevocable commitment to purchase up to $50.0 million in shares of Common Stock. The initial fair value of $0.7 million was based on the closing price of the Common Stock on September 24, 2024, which was $6.12 per share, and the derivative asset is reported as a component of long-term assets on the consolidated balance sheets. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the derivative asset are dependent upon, among other things, changes in the closing share price of Common Stock, the quantity and purchase price of the shares purchased by Lincoln Park during the reporting period and the unused capacity under the Common Stock Purchase Agreement. The Common Stock Purchase Agreement is subsequently remeasured at each reporting date with changes in fair value recorded within Change in fair value of derivatives in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Changes in the fair value of the derivative asset during the period were not significant, and the fair value of the Commitment Shares was $0.7 million as of both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Contingent Earnout Liability

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Contingent Earnout Liability:

 

Contingent Earnout Liability

 

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

($ in thousands)

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

Fair value as of beginning of period

 

$

(70,961

)

 

$

(37,916

)

Change in fair value included in other income (expense), net

 

 

59,469

 

 

 

(33,045

)

Fair value as of end of period

 

$

(11,492

)

 

$

(70,961

)

 

In determining the fair value of the Contingent Earnout Liability, the Company used the Monte Carlo simulation value model using a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over a 10-year period prioritizing the most reliable information available. The assumptions utilized in the calculation were based on the achievement of certain stock price milestones, including the expected volatility and expected term, as well as certain data inputs, including the Company’s common stock price, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividend yield (see Note 10). Contingent earnout payments involve certain assumptions requiring significant judgment and actual results can differ from assumed and estimated amounts.

Contingent Derivative Liability

The debt pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, as defined in Note 1, contained an embedded derivative related to the Put Option, as defined in Note 7, requiring bifurcation as a single compound derivative instrument. The Company estimated the fair value of the derivative liability using a “with-and-without” methodology. The “with-and-without” methodology involves valuing the whole instrument on an as-is basis and then valuing the instrument without the individual embedded derivative. The difference between the entire instrument with the embedded derivative compared to the instrument without the embedded derivative was the fair value of the derivative liability at issuance and each subsequent reporting period.

In determining the fair value of the Contingent derivative liability, the Company used the Monte Carlo simulation value model using a distribution of potential outcomes on a monthly basis over a 10-year period. The estimated probability and timing of underlying events triggering the exercisability of the Put Option contained within the Purchase Agreement, forecasted cash flows and the discount rates are significant unobservable inputs used to determine the estimated fair value of the entire instrument with the embedded derivative.

In December 2025, the Purchase Agreement, including the embedded Put Option, was terminated in connection with the extinguishment of the Purchase Agreement (as defined in Note 1), and the Contingent derivative liability was derecognized. Prior to termination, the Contingent derivative liability was measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and classified within Change in fair value of derivatives.

The discount rates used in the final fair value measurement prior to termination were 12.6% for the present value of the revenue forecast and 12.2% for the present value of the payoff of the Put Option. As of December 31, 2024, the discount rates used to calculate the value of the Contingent derivative liability were 14.2% to calculate the present value of the revenue forecast and 11.8% to calculate the present value of the payoff of the Put Option.

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Contingent derivative liability:

 

Contingent Derivative Liability

 

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

($ in thousands)

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

Fair value as of beginning of period

 

$

(2,415

)

 

$

(2,636

)

Fair value of embedded derivative upon issuance of debt

 

 

 

 

 

(1,552

)

Change in fair value included in other income (expense), net

 

 

2,126

 

 

 

1,773

 

Settlement of Contingent derivative liability(a)

 

 

289

 

 

 

 

Fair value as of end of period

 

$

 

 

$

(2,415

)

_______________________

(a) Contingent derivative liability was extinguished in connection with the termination of the Purchase Agreement in December 2025.

Registered Direct Offering Warrants Liabilities

In determining the fair values of the Registered Direct Offering Warrants liabilities, the Company used the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate fair value utilizing significant assumptions for expected volatility and expected term and data inputs including the current Common Stock price, risk-free rate, and expected dividend yield (see Note 10, Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) and Warrants).

The following tables present a summary of the changes in the fair values of the Registered Direct Offering Warrants liabilities:

 

 

Year Ended December 31, 2025

 

($ in thousands)

 

October 2024
RDO Warrants

 

 

November 2024
RDO Warrants

 

 

October 2025
RDO Warrants

 

Fair value as of beginning of period

 

$

(12,437

)

 

$

(6,432

)

 

$

 

Issuances

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(34,245

)

Change in fair value included in other income (expense), net

 

 

11,575

 

 

 

5,995

 

 

 

17,889

 

Fair value as of end of period

 

$

(862

)

 

$

(437

)

 

$

(16,356

)

 

 

 

Year Ended December 31, 2024

 

($ in thousands)

 

October 2024
RDO Warrants

 

 

November 2024
RDO Warrants

 

Fair value as of beginning of period

 

$

 

 

$

 

Issuances

 

 

(15,249

)

 

 

(6,132

)

Change in fair value included in other income (expense), net

 

 

2,812

 

 

 

(300

)

Fair value as of end of period

 

$

(12,437

)

 

$

(6,432

)

 

Private Placement Warrants Liability

In determining the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants liability, the Company used the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate fair value utilizing significant assumptions for expected volatility and expected term and data inputs including the current Common Stock price, risk-free rate, and expected dividend yield (see Note 10).

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants liability:

 

Private Placement Warrants

 

 

Year Ended December 31,

 

($ in thousands)

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

Fair value as of beginning of period

 

$

(385

)

 

$

(78

)

Change in fair value included in other income (expense), net

 

 

370

 

 

 

(307

)

Fair value as of end of period

 

$

(15

)

 

$

(385

)

Loan Agreement Warrants Liability

In determining the fair value of the Loan Agreement Warrants liability (as defined in Note 10), the Company used the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate fair value utilizing significant assumptions for expected volatility and expected term and data inputs including the current Common Stock price, risk-free rate, and expected dividend yield (see Note 10).

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Loan Agreement Warrants liability:

 

Loan Agreement Warrants Liability

 

($ in thousands)

 

Year Ended December 31, 2025

 

Fair value as of beginning of period

 

$

 

Fair value upon issuance

 

 

(2,221

)

Change in fair value included in other income (expense), net

 

 

499

 

Fair value as of end of period

 

 

(1,722

)

Loan Agreement Conversion Derivative Liability

In determining the fair value of the Loan Agreement conversion derivative liability, the Company used the Black-Scholes valuation model to estimate fair value utilizing significant assumptions for expected volatility and expected term and data inputs including the current Common Stock price, risk-free rate, and expected dividend yield (see Note 10).

The following table presents a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Loan Agreement conversion derivative liability:

 

Loan Agreement Conversion Derivative Liability

 

($ in thousands)

 

Year Ended December 31, 2025

 

Fair value as of beginning of period

 

$

 

Fair value of embedded derivative upon issuance of debt

 

 

(1,115

)

Change in fair value included in other income (expense), net

 

 

265

 

Fair value as of end of period

 

 

(850

)

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 27, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 31, 2025
2023Mar 28, 2024

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.