INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPIBM
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORP Debt Disclosure
BORROWINGS
Short-Term Debt
The company’s total short-term debt at December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $6,424 million and $5,089 million, respectively, and primarily consisted of current maturities of long-term debt detailed in “Long-Term Debt” below.
Long-Term Debt
Pre-Swap Borrowing
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31: | Maturities | 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||
U.S. dollar debt (weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2025): (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 5.1% | 2025 | — | 1,601 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.7% | 2026 | 5,800 | 5,800 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.3% | 2027 | 4,119 | 4,119 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.8% | 2028 | 2,319 | 1,313 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.6% | 2029 | 3,757 | 3,750 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.2% | 2030 | 2,355 | 1,350 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.8% | 2031 | 500 | 500 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.6% | 2032 | 2,700 | 1,850 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.8% | 2033 | 750 | 750 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.9% | 2034 | 1,000 | 1,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.2% | 2035 | 900 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| 8.0% | 2038 | 83 | 83 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.5% | 2039 | 2,745 | 2,745 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2.9% | 2040 | 650 | 650 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.0% | 2042 | 1,107 | 1,107 | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.3% | 2044 | 1,000 | 1,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| 7.0% | 2045 | 27 | 27 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.7% | 2046 | 650 | 650 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.3% | 2049 | 3,000 | 3,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.0% | 2050 | 750 | 750 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.2% | 2052 | 1,400 | 1,400 | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.1% | 2053 | 650 | 650 | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.3% | 2054 | 1,400 | 1,400 | |||||||||||||||||
| 5.7% | 2055 | 1,000 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| 7.1% | 2096 | 316 | 316 | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | 38,979 | $ | 35,813 | |||||||||||||||||
Euro debt (weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2025): (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 1.6% | 2025 | — | 3,106 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2.3% | 2027 | 2,349 | 2,071 | |||||||||||||||||
| 0.7% | 2028 | 2,114 | 1,863 | |||||||||||||||||
| 1.5% | 2029 | 1,174 | 1,035 | |||||||||||||||||
| 1.7% | 2030 | 2,055 | 1,035 | |||||||||||||||||
| 2.7% | 2031 | 2,936 | 2,588 | |||||||||||||||||
| 0.7% | 2032 | 1,879 | 1,656 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.2% | 2033 | 1,292 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| 1.3% | 2034 | 1,174 | 1,035 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.8% | 2035 | 1,174 | 1,035 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.5% | 2037 | 1,057 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| 1.2% | 2040 | 998 | 880 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.0% | 2043 | 1,174 | 1,035 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.8% | 2045 | 881 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | 20,258 | $ | 17,340 | |||||||||||||||||
Other currencies (weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2025): (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Pound sterling (4.9%) | 2038 | 1,009 | 939 | |||||||||||||||||
Japanese yen (1.0%) | 2026–2028 | 811 | 808 | |||||||||||||||||
Other (13.8%) | 2026–2027 | 78 | 212 | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | 61,134 | $ | 55,111 | |||||||||||||||||
Finance lease obligations (5.1% weighted-average interest rate at December 31, 2025) | 2026–2035 | 1,153 | 1,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| $ | 62,286 | $ | 56,112 | |||||||||||||||||
| Less: net unamortized discount | 806 | 824 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Less: net unamortized debt issuance costs | 185 | 168 | ||||||||||||||||||
Add: fair value adjustment (2) | (36) | (176) | ||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 61,259 | $ | 54,943 | |||||||||||||||||
| Less: current maturities | 6,424 | 5,059 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 54,836 | $ | 49,884 | ||||||||||||||||
(1)Includes notes, debentures, bank loans and secured borrowings.
(2)The portion of the company’s fixed-rate debt obligations that is hedged is reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as an amount equal to the sum of the debt’s carrying value and a fair value adjustment representing changes in the fair value of the hedged debt obligations attributable to movements in benchmark interest rates.
The company’s indenture governing its debt securities and its various credit facilities each contain significant covenants which obligate the company to promptly pay principal and interest, limit the aggregate amount of secured indebtedness and sale and leaseback transactions to 10 percent of the company’s consolidated net tangible assets, and restrict the company’s ability to merge or consolidate unless certain conditions are met. The credit facilities also include a covenant on the company’s consolidated net interest expense ratio, which cannot be less than 2.20 to 1.0, as well as a cross default provision with respect to other defaulted indebtedness of at least $500 million.
The company is in compliance with all of its debt covenants and provides periodic certifications to its lenders. The failure to comply with its debt covenants could constitute an event of default with respect to the debt to which such provisions apply. If certain events of default were to occur, the principal and interest on the debt to which such event of default applied would become immediately due and payable.
In the first quarter of 2024, IBM International Capital Pte. Ltd (IIC), a wholly owned finance subsidiary of the company, issued $5.5 billion of U.S. dollar fixed-rate notes (IIC Notes) in tranches with maturities ranging from 2 to 30 years and coupons ranging from 4.6 to 5.3 percent. IIC is a 100 percent owned finance subsidiary of IBM, as described by the SEC in Rule 13-01(a)(4)(vi) of Regulation S-X, the primary purpose of which is to borrow money to be made available for the benefit of IBM and its affiliates. The IIC Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by IBM, and no other subsidiary of IBM guarantees the IIC Notes.
In the first quarter of 2025, the company issued $3.6 billion of Euro fixed-rate notes in tranches with maturities ranging from 5 to 20 years and coupons ranging from 2.9 to 3.8 percent; and $4.75 billion of U.S. dollar fixed-rate notes in tranches with maturities ranging from 3 to 30 years and coupons ranging from 4.65 to 5.7 percent.
Post-Swap Borrowing (Long-Term Debt, Including Current Portion)
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2025 | 2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| At December 31: | Amount | Weighted-Average Interest Rate | Amount | Weighted-Average Interest Rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed-rate debt | $ | 54,004 | 3.5 | % | $ | 47,712 | 3.3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
Floating-rate debt (1) | 7,255 | 5.0 | % | 7,231 | 5.6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 61,259 | $ | 54,943 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)Includes $6,725 million in both 2025 and 2024, of notional interest-rate swaps that effectively convert fixed-rate long-term debt into floating-rate debt. Refer to note S, “Derivative Financial Instruments,” for additional information.
Pre-swap annual contractual obligations of long-term debt outstanding at December 31, 2025, are as follows:
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||
| Total | ||||||||
| 2026 | $ | 6,425 | ||||||
| 2027 | 6,753 | |||||||
| 2028 | 5,172 | |||||||
| 2029 | 5,095 | |||||||
| 2030 | 4,492 | |||||||
| Thereafter | 34,348 | |||||||
| Total | $ | 62,286 | ||||||
Interest on Debt
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31: | 2025 | 2024 | 2023 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of financing | $ | 365 | $ | 336 | $ | 334 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | 1,935 | 1,712 | 1,607 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest capitalized | 4 | 12 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total interest paid and accrued | $ | 2,305 | $ | 2,060 | $ | 1,949 | ||||||||||||||
Refer to the related discussion in note D, “Segments,” for interest expense of the Financing segment. Refer to note S, “Derivative Financial Instruments,” for a discussion of the use of foreign currency denominated debt designated as a hedge of net investment, as well as a discussion of the use of currency and interest-rate swaps in the company’s debt risk management program.
Lines of Credit
The company has a $2.5 billion Three-Year Credit Agreement and a $7.5 billion Five-Year Credit Agreement (the Credit Agreements) with maturity dates of June 20, 2028 and June 22, 2030, respectively. The Credit Agreements permit the company and its subsidiary borrowers to borrow up to $10 billion on a revolving basis. The total expense recorded by the company related to these agreements was not material in all periods presented. Subject to certain conditions stated in the Credit Agreements, the borrower may borrow, prepay and re-borrow amounts under the Credit Agreements at any time during the term of such agreements. Funds borrowed may be used for the general corporate purposes of the borrower.
Interest rates on borrowings under the Credit Agreements will be based on prevailing market interest rates, as further described in the Credit Agreements. The Credit Agreements contain customary representations and warranties, covenants, events of default, and indemnification provisions. The company believes that circumstances that might give rise to breach of these covenants or an event of default, as specified in the Credit Agreements, are remote. As of December 31, 2025, there were no borrowings by the company under the Credit Agreements.
The company also has other committed lines of credit in some of the geographies which are not significant in the aggregate. Interest rates and other terms of borrowing under these lines of credit vary from country to country, depending on local market conditions. As of December 31, 2025, there were no material borrowings by the company under these credit facilities.
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Historical Timeline
| Fiscal Year | Filed | |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Feb 24, 2026 | Showing above |
| 2024 | Feb 25, 2025 | |
| 2023 | Feb 26, 2024 | |
| 2022 | Feb 28, 2023 | |
| 2021 | Feb 22, 2022 | |
| 2020 | Feb 23, 2021 | |
| 2019 | Feb 25, 2020 | |
| 2018 | Feb 26, 2019 | |
| 2017 | Feb 27, 2018 | |
| 2016 | Feb 28, 2017 | |
| 2015 | Feb 23, 2016 | |
About Debt Disclosures
Debt disclosures detail a company's borrowing structure — the types of instruments, interest rates, maturity schedule, and covenant restrictions that define its financial obligations and flexibility. This section is essential for assessing refinancing risk, interest rate exposure, and the margin of safety against financial distress.
Key signals: the maturity schedule reveals concentration risk — large maturities within 1-2 years during tight credit markets can force dilutive refinancing or asset sales. Compare the fair value of debt against carrying amount to gauge whether the market views the company's credit risk differently than the balance sheet suggests. Watch covenant compliance disclosures for tightening cushions, especially leverage and interest coverage ratios. Variable-rate debt exposure quantifies sensitivity to interest rate changes. Secured versus unsecured mix affects recovery rates and future borrowing capacity. Compare net debt-to-EBITDA against industry peers and covenant limits to assess financial health.