9. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

On May 7, 2018, the Company established and adopted the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2018 Plan") providing for the granting of stock awards for employees, directors and consultants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. Upon the effectiveness of the 2020 Plan (as defined below), the 2018 Plan was terminated and no further issuances were made under the 2018 Plan, although it continues to govern the terms of any equity grants that remain outstanding under the 2018 Plan.

2020 Equity Incentive Plan

The 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2020 Plan") was approved by the Company's Board of Directors and the Company’s stockholders and became effective on July 29, 2021. Upon the effectiveness of the 2023 Plan (as defined below), the 2020 Plan was terminated and no further issuances were made under the 2020 Plan, although it continues to govern the terms of any equity grants that remain outstanding under the 2020 Plan.

Amended and Restated 2023 Equity Incentive Plan

The Amended and Restated 2023 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2023 Plan") was approved by the Company's Board of Directors and the Company’s stockholders and became effective on June 15, 2023. The Board of Directors, or a committee thereof, is authorized to administer the 2023 Plan. The 2023 Plan provides for the grant of Incentive Stock Options ("ISO") within the meaning of Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") as amended, to employees, and for the grant of non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, performance awards and other forms of awards to the Company’s employees, directors and consultants and any Company affiliates’ employees and consultants. The number of shares initially reserved for issuance under the 2023 Plan was 7,400,000, which automatically increases on January 1 of each year for a period of 10 years, beginning on January 1, 2024 and continuing through January 1, 2033, in an amount equal to 5% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on the last day of the immediately preceding year, or a lesser number of shares determined by the Board of Directors no later than the last day of the immediately preceding year. The maximum number of shares of common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of ISOs under the 2023 Plan is 41,000,000 shares. As of December 31, 2024, 4,368,965 shares were available for grant pursuant to the 2023 Plan. Pursuant to the terms of the 2023 Plan, the number of shares available under the 2023 Plan was increased by 3,624,163 shares effective January 1, 2025.

2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2020 ESPP”) was approved by the Board of Directors and the Company’s stockholders and became effective on July 29, 2021. A total of 200,000 shares of common stock were initially reserved for issuance under this plan, which automatically increases on January 1 of each year by the lesser of (i) 1% of the outstanding number of shares of common stock on the immediately preceding December 31; and (ii) 400,000, or such lesser number of shares as determined by our Board of Directors. The Board of Directors acted not to increase the number of shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under the ESPP as of January 1, 2025. As of December 31, 2024, no shares of common stock had been issued under the 2020 ESPP and 787,812 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2020 ESPP. The Board of Directors or designated committee has not set an offering period.

Stock Option Activity

The following is a summary of the stock option award activity during the year ended December 31, 2024:

 

 

 

Number
of Stock
Options

 

 

Weighted-
Average
Exercise
Price

 

 

Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(in years)

 

 

Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)

 

Outstanding at December 31, 2023

 

 

6,695,933

 

 

$

3.52

 

 

 

8.32

 

 

$

361

 

Granted

 

 

6,388,398

 

 

 

0.65

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Forfeited

 

 

(988,926

)

 

 

3.20

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Outstanding at December 31, 2024

 

 

12,095,405

 

 

$

2.03

 

 

 

8.05

 

 

$

41

 

Exercisable at December 31, 2024

 

 

4,898,217

 

 

$

3.68

 

 

 

6.24

 

 

$

 

Options expected to vest as of December 31, 2024

 

 

7,197,188

 

 

$

0.91

 

 

 

9.28

 

 

$

41

 

 

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.66 and $1.57, respectively. The aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price and the market price of the Company’s common stock at December 31, 2024.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company utilized the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for estimating the fair value of the stock options. The following table presents the assumptions and the Company’s methodology for developing each of the assumptions used:

 

 

 

December 31,
2024

 

December 31,
2023

Volatility

 

90.31% - 104.93%

 

91.91% - 100.95%

Expected life (years)

 

5.27 - 6.08

 

5.27 - 6.08

Risk-free interest rate

 

3.61% - 4.65%

 

3.58% - 4.17%

Dividend rate

 

 

 

Volatility—The Company estimates the expected volatility of its common stock at the date of grant based on the historical volatility of comparable public companies over the expected term.
Expected life—The expected term represents the period that the Company’s stock option grants are expected to be outstanding. The expected term of the options granted to employees and non-employee directors by the Company has been determined utilizing the "simplified" method for awards that qualify as "plain-vanilla" options. Under this approach, the weighted-average expected life is presumed to be the average of the vesting term and the contractual term of the option.
Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free rate for periods within the estimated life of the stock award is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.
Dividend rate—The assumed dividend yield is based upon the Company’s expectation of not paying dividends in the foreseeable future.

Stock-based compensation expense was recorded in the following line items in the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

 

 

 

Year Ended
December 31,

 

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

Research and development

 

$

2,065

 

 

$

1,891

 

General and administrative

 

 

2,405

 

 

 

2,479

 

Severance and related charges

 

 

770

 

 

 

Total stock-based compensation expense

 

$

5,000

 

 

$

4,370

 

 

 

No related tax benefits from stock-based compensation expense were recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. As of December 31, 2024, there was $4.3 million in unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.52 years.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2024Mar 13, 2025Showing above
2022Mar 30, 2023

About Stock Compensation Disclosures

Stock-based compensation disclosures detail the equity awards granted to employees and executives — including stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs), and performance shares — along with the valuation methods and assumptions used to expense them. This section reveals the true cost of talent retention and the alignment between management incentives and shareholder interests.

Key signals: total unrecognized compensation expense and its expected recognition period signal future earnings headwinds from already-granted awards. For stock options, examine Black-Scholes assumptions — expected volatility, risk-free rate, and expected term — as understating any of these reduces reported compensation expense. Compare stock compensation expense as a percentage of revenue against peers to assess dilution cost. Watch vesting schedules for acceleration clauses tied to change-of-control events. Performance-based awards with undemanding targets may indicate weak governance. Add back stock compensation to operating cash flow to calculate a more conservative free cash flow figure.