Segment Information
The Company operates as one reportable segment in the United States, which includes all activities related to the development and commercialization of its DNA medicines to help treat and protect people from HPV-associated diseases, cancer and infectious diseases.
The Company's Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is its Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM), responsible for allocating resources and assessing Company performance using aggregated financial information. Utilizing aggregated financial information enables the CODM to determine the most appropriate resource allocation across the organization, research and development projects or other initiatives consistent with the Company's corporate objectives. The CODM primarily uses total net loss as reported on the statements of operations and comprehensive loss to measure segment loss, supplemented by certain additional significant expense details reflected in the table below. The measure of segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheet as total assets.
Detailed information regarding the Company's single operating segment's revenues, expenses and operating loss are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,
20242023
Revenue from collaborative arrangements and other contracts, including affiliated entity
$217,756 $832,010 
Less:
Research and development:
     INO-310729,930,344 17,840,728 
     INO-5401 and other Immuno-oncology6,293,401 11,758,935 
     Other programs (a)(77,955)18,701,675 
     Engineering and device-related19,393,929 8,863,170 
     Stock-based compensation2,821,226 4,606,341 
     Other unallocated expenses (b)17,259,395 24,905,714 
General and administrative36,996,338 47,582,104 
Impairment of goodwill— 10,513,371 
Total operating expenses112,616,678 144,772,038 
Interest income4,766,993 8,133,290 
Interest expense(177,833)(1,222,789)
Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability2,808,608 — 
(Loss) gain on investment in affiliated entity(1,166,443)773,145 
Net unrealized gain on available-for-sale equity securities2,077,182 5,850,626 
Other expense, net(3,163,711)(4,711,596)
Net loss$(107,254,126)$(135,117,352)

(a) Net of contributions received from grant agreements and recorded as contra-research and development expense.
(b) Includes impairment of intangible assets of $2.0 million recorded in 2023.
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About Segments Disclosures

Segment disclosures break a company into its reportable operating units, revealing revenue, profit, and asset allocation that consolidated financial statements obscure. Under ASC 280, segments must match how the chief operating decision maker views the business, providing a window into internal management structure and resource allocation priorities.

Key signals: compare segment margins to identify which units drive profitability and which destroy value. Watch for changes in the number of reportable segments — segment aggregation or disaggregation often coincides with strategic shifts or attempts to obscure declining performance. Intersegment elimination patterns reveal internal pricing practices. The reconciliation between segment totals and consolidated figures exposes corporate overhead allocation and unallocated items. Geographic revenue concentration highlights regulatory and currency exposure. Compare segment-level capital expenditure against segment revenue to assess where management is investing for future growth versus harvesting existing assets.