LandBridge Co LLC Income Taxes Disclosure
7. Income Taxes
Our predecessor, OpCo, is a Delaware limited liability company treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and, therefore, has not been subject to U.S. federal income tax at an entity level. As a result, the consolidated net income in our historical financial statements does not reflect the tax expense we would have incurred if we were subject to U.S. federal income tax at an entity
level during the periods prior to the IPO. Instead, taxable income is allocated to members, including the Company, and, except for Texas franchise tax, any taxable income of OpCo is reported in the respective tax returns of its members.
Income Tax Provision
The components of income tax expense (benefit) are as follows:
|
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
|||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
|||
Current tax expense |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Federal |
|
$ |
3,900 |
|
|
$ |
1,693 |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
State |
|
|
1,082 |
|
|
|
593 |
|
|
|
370 |
|
Total current tax expense |
|
|
4,982 |
|
|
|
2,286 |
|
|
|
370 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Deferred tax expense (benefit) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
Federal |
|
|
3,995 |
|
|
|
(406 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
State |
|
|
89 |
|
|
|
(5 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Total deferred tax expense (benefit) |
|
|
4,084 |
|
|
|
(411 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Total income tax expense |
|
$ |
9,066 |
|
|
$ |
1,875 |
|
|
$ |
370 |
|
More than 50% of the effect of the state and local income taxes recorded for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are attributable to the state of Texas.
Effective Tax Rate
The Company's overall effective tax rate differs from the U.S statutory rate primarily due to the fact that prior to the IPO, OpCo was structured as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax and subsequent to the IPO, the OpCo income (loss) attributable to the noncontrolling interests in OpCo is not subject to U.S. federal income tax at the Company or OpCo.
The reconciliation of income taxes at the federal statutory level to provision for income taxes is as follows:
|
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
|||||||||||||||
|
|
$ |
|
|
% |
|
|
$ |
|
|
% |
|
|
$ |
|
|
% |
|
||||||
federal statutory income tax rate |
|
$ |
17,108 |
|
|
|
21.0 |
% |
|
$ |
(8,317 |
) |
|
|
21.0 |
% |
|
$ |
13,344 |
|
|
|
21.0 |
% |
State tax, net of federal benefit |
|
|
996 |
|
|
|
1.2 |
% |
|
|
566 |
|
|
|
(1.4 |
%) |
|
|
370 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
% |
Pre-IPO non-taxable loss (income) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
0.0 |
% |
|
|
9,794 |
|
|
|
(24.7 |
%) |
|
|
(13,344 |
) |
|
|
(21.0 |
%) |
Noncontrolling interests |
|
|
(8,806 |
) |
|
|
(10.8 |
%) |
|
|
(168 |
) |
|
|
0.4 |
% |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
0.0 |
% |
REIT built-in gains tax |
|
|
123 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
% |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
0.0 |
% |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
0.0 |
% |
Other adjustments |
|
|
(355 |
) |
|
|
(0.4 |
%) |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
0.0 |
% |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
0.0 |
% |
Total effective tax rate |
|
$ |
9,066 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
% |
|
$ |
1,875 |
|
|
|
(4.7 |
%) |
|
$ |
370 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
% |
Income Taxes Paid by Jurisdiction
The Company’s total cash paid for income taxes, by jurisdiction is as follows:
|
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
|||||||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
|
2023 |
|
|||
Federal |
|
$ |
8,027 |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
|
$ |
- |
|
State |
|
|
703 |
|
|
|
385 |
|
|
|
213 |
|
Total income taxes paid |
|
$ |
8,730 |
|
|
$ |
385 |
|
|
$ |
213 |
|
Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
|
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
|||||
|
|
2025 |
|
|
2024 |
|
||
Deferred tax assets |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Investment in partnership |
|
$ |
82,069 |
|
|
$ |
29,188 |
|
Disallowed interest carryforward |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
228 |
|
Total deferred tax assets |
|
|
82,069 |
|
|
|
29,416 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Deferred tax liabilities |
|
|
- |
|
|
|
- |
|
Valuation allowance |
|
|
(1,096 |
) |
|
|
- |
|
Net deferred tax assets |
|
$ |
80,973 |
|
|
$ |
29,416 |
|
The Company recorded a deferred tax asset on its investment in OpCo due to an increase in tax basis on its investment in OpCo in connection with historical redemptions and exchanges of Class B Shares by members of OpCo for Class A Shares in the Company. As of December 31, 2025, the Company determined it is unlikely to realize all tax benefits associated with the prior tax basis step-up and as a result has recorded a partial valuation allowance of $1.1 million against its deferred tax assets.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, members of OpCo redeemed 4.4 million OpCo Units (together with the cancellation of 4.4 million of Class B Shares) for an equivalent amount of Class A Shares and subsequently sold the Class A shares to the public. The Company did not receive any proceeds from the sale of the Class A Shares. The redemption and exchange of these OpCo Units is treated as a taxable purchase by the Company. As a result of the purchases the Company's tax basis in OpCo increased and the Company recorded a deferred tax asset of $55.4 million, net of the partial valuation allowance, as this increase is expected to be recovered through future amortization deductions afforded to the Company. Because the deferred tax asset arose in connection with a transaction between the Company and shareholders, the initial deferred tax asset, as well as the impact of the partial valuation allowance, is recorded in Class A Shares on the consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 9 - Shareholders’and Member’s Equity.
Additionally, for the year ended December 31, 2024 the Company adjusted its deferred tax assets related to it’s investment in OpCo to reflect the deferred tax asset of $29.4 million generated from the step-up in tax basis associated with the December 2024 Private Placement. Refer to Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.
The Company evaluates uncertain tax positions for recognition and measurement in the financial statements. To recognize a tax position, the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained upon examination. A tax position that meets the more likely than not threshold is measured to determine the amount of benefit to be recognized in the financial statements. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company has no significant uncertain tax positions.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and New Mexico on a separate basis. The Company and OpCo file the Texas Franchise Tax on a consolidated basis. There are currently no federal or state income tax examinations underway for these jurisdictions. The Company's federal and state returns remain open to examination for tax years 2021 through 2024.
On July 4, 2025, the OBBBA was signed into law which makes permanent many of the tax provisions enacted in 2017 as part of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that were set to expire at the end of 2025. The Company has evaluated the impact of the legislation and has concluded it does not have a material impact on the results of operations.
Historical Timeline
| Fiscal Year | Filed | |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Feb 26, 2026 | Showing above |
| 2024 | Mar 6, 2025 | |
About Income Taxes Disclosures
The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.
Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.