R. OTHER COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Litigation.    We are involved in claims and litigation, including class actions, mass torts and regulatory proceedings, which arise in the ordinary course of our business. The types of matters may include, among others: advertising, competition, contract, data privacy, employment, environmental, insurance coverage, intellectual property, personal injury, product compliance, product liability, securities and warranty. We are also subject to product safety regulations, product recalls and direct claims for product liabilities. We believe the likelihood that the outcome of these claims, litigation and product safety matters would have a material adverse effect on us is remote. However, there is no assurance that we will prevail in these matters, and we could, in the future, incur judgments or penalties, enter into settlements of claims or revise our expectations regarding the outcome of these matters, which could materially impact our results of operations.
Warranty.    Changes in our warranty liability were as follows, in millions:
Year Ended December 31,
 20252024
Balance at January 1$81 $83 
Accruals for warranties issued during the year35 38 
Accruals related to pre-existing warranties11 
Settlements made (in cash or kind) during the year(41)(43)
Other, net (including currency translation and divestitures)(4)
Balance at December 31$88 $81 
Other Matters.    We enter into contracts, which include reasonable and customary indemnifications that are standard for the industries in which we operate. Such indemnifications include claims made against builders by homeowners for issues relating to our products and workmanship. In conjunction with divestitures and other transactions, we occasionally provide reasonable and customary indemnifications. We have not paid a material amount related to these indemnifications, and we evaluate the probability that amounts may be incurred and record an estimated liability when it is probable and reasonably estimable.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 10, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 11, 2025
2023Feb 8, 2024
2022Feb 9, 2023
2021Feb 8, 2022
2020Feb 9, 2021
2019Feb 11, 2020
2018Feb 7, 2019
2017Feb 8, 2018
2016Feb 9, 2017
2015Feb 12, 2016

About Commitments Disclosures

Commitments and contingencies disclosures catalog a company's off-balance-sheet obligations and legal exposures — purchase commitments, guarantee arrangements, pending litigation, and regulatory proceedings. These items represent potential future cash outflows that may not appear as liabilities on the balance sheet until they become probable and estimable.

Key signals: litigation reserves and disclosed loss ranges quantify management's estimate of legal exposure, but unquantified "reasonably possible" losses often represent the larger risk. Watch for changes in language around pending cases — shifts from "remote" to "reasonably possible" or increases in estimated loss ranges signal deteriorating outcomes. Unconditional purchase obligations and take-or-pay contracts create fixed cost structures that reduce operational flexibility. Guarantee arrangements for subsidiaries or joint ventures can create cascading obligations. Compare the total commitment schedule against projected free cash flow to assess whether the company can meet its obligations without additional financing.