8. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

GOODWILL

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill were as follows:
(dollars in millions)December 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Consumer and Insurance:
Balance at beginning of period
$1,474 $1,437 
Goodwill recognized upon acquisition
 37 
Balance at end of period
$1,474 $1,474 

We did not record any impairments to goodwill during 2025, 2024, and 2023.

OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization, in total and by major intangible asset class were as follows:
(dollars in millions)
Gross Carrying Amount
Accumulated AmortizationNet Other Intangible Assets
December 31, 2025
Trade names$224 $(1)$223 
Licenses25  25 
Customer relationships
22 (4)18 
VOBA
105 (96)9 
Other9 (2)7 
Total$385 $(103)$282 
December 31, 2024
Trade names$224 $— $224 
Licenses25 — 25 
Customer relationships
22 (2)20 
VOBA105 (94)11 
Other(1)
Total$383 $(97)$286 
Amortization expense was immaterial in 2025, 2024 and 2023. The estimated aggregate amortization of other intangible assets for each of the next five years is immaterial.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 6, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 7, 2025
2023Feb 13, 2024
2022Feb 10, 2023
2021Feb 11, 2022
2020Feb 9, 2021
2019Feb 14, 2020
2018Feb 15, 2019
2017Feb 21, 2018
2016Feb 21, 2017
2015Feb 29, 2016

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.