13

Income taxes

Taxes on earnings reflect the annual effective rates, including charges for interest and penalties. Deferred income taxes reflect the tax consequences on future years of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts.

The components of loss before income taxes for 2025 and 2024 consist of:

2025

2024

  ​ ​ ​

$

  ​ ​ ​

$

Domestic - Canada

(43,370)

 

(28,286)

Foreign

1,052

 

468

(42,318)

 

(27,818)

The components of (provision for) benefit from income taxes for 2025 and 2024 consist of:

2025

2024

  ​ ​ ​

$

  ​ ​ ​

$

Current

 

Foreign

231

144

Total current income tax expense

231

144

Deferred

Foreign

21

(146)

Total deferred tax expense

21

(146)

Total income tax (recovery) expense

252

(2)

The income taxes paid by the Company are as follows:

2025

2024

  ​ ​ ​

$

  ​ ​ ​

$

United States

68

 

193

Finland

64

59

132

252

The (provision for) benefit from income taxes differs from the expected amount calculated by applying the Company’s Canadian federal statutory rate to loss before income taxes for 2025 and 2024 as follows:

2025

2024

  ​ ​ ​

$

  ​ ​ ​

%

  ​ ​ ​

$

  ​ ​ ​

%

Loss before income taxes

(42,318)

 

(27,818)

(Provision for) benefit from income taxes

Canadian federal statutory rate of 15% (2024 - 15%)

(6,348)

15.0

(4,173)

15.0

Ontario Provincial tax

(4,655)

11.0

(2,998)

10.8

Foreign tax effects

United States

Statutory tax rate differences between United States and Canada

60

(0.1)

16

Finland

Statutory tax rate differences between Finland and Canada

2

10

Germany

Statutory tax rate differences between Germany and Canada

18

(42)

0.1

Changes in valuation allowance

9,802

(23.2)

7,085

(25.5)

Non-taxable or non-deductible items

1,097

(2.6)

206

(0.7)

Other adjustments

276

(0.7)

(106)

0.3

Effective tax rate

252

(0.6)

(2)

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities are summarized as follows:

2025

2024

  ​ ​ ​

$

  ​ ​ ​

$

Deferred tax assets:

Operating loss carry forwards

52,152

43,031

SR&ED expenditure pool

4,454

4,344

Benefit of Investment tax credits

2,151

2,078

Excess of tax value of property and equipment over book value

2,390

2,392

Long term debt

5

(32)

Financing fees

1,331

1,042

Reserves

980

827

Total deferred tax assets

63,463

53,682

Valuation allowance

(63,397)

(53,595)

Net deferred tax assets

66

87

Deferred income taxes reflect future tax effects of temporary differences between the tax and financial reporting basis of the Company’s assets and liabilities measured using enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods when the temporary differences will affect taxable income. When necessary, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance, if based on the weight of available positive and negative evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company has $63,397 in valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets, for the year ended December 31, 2025 (2024 - $53,595).

The Company has non-capital loss carry-forwards in Canada of approximately $204,045 which expires as follows:

  ​ ​ ​

$

2028

128

2029

215

2030

51

2031

446

Thereafter

203,205

Total

204,045

The Company has SR&ED expenditures in Canada of approximately $17,472 as at December 31, 2025, which can be carried forward indefinitely to reduce future years’ taxable income.

The Company has approximately $3,838 of Canadian federal and provincial tax credits that are available to be applied against Canadian federal and provincial taxes otherwise payable in future years and that expire in varying amounts from 2028 to 2045.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 5, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 7, 2025

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.