8. Commitments and Contingencies

In-licensed Technology

The Company in-licenses intellectual property from third parties for technology and know-how used in its product candidates and development programs, some of which is further sublicensed to NAV Technology Licensees and collaboration partners. In-licenses may require the Company to make future payments relating to sublicense fees, milestone fees and royalties on future sales of licensed products. Additionally, the Company may be responsible for the cost of the maintenance of the intellectual property as incurred by its licensors. Up-front fees to obtain licensed technology, as well as associated milestone fees, are recorded as research and development expenses if the technology has no alternative future use. Sublicense fees are based on a specified percentage of license fees earned by the Company as a result of sublicensing the technology to third parties and are recorded as cost of revenues. Royalties due to licensors on sales of licensed products, including sales by NAV Technology Licensees, are recorded as cost of revenues. Patent maintenance costs are recorded as general and administrative expenses.

Please refer to Note 10 for information on licenses granted by the Company and collaboration agreements with third parties.

The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania

In February 2009, the Company entered into a license agreement, which has been amended from time to time (as amended, the Penn License), with The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) for exclusive, worldwide rights to certain patents owned by Penn underlying the Company’s NAV Technology Platform, as well as exclusive rights to certain data, results and other information. Pursuant to the originally agreed upon Penn License, the Company was obligated to pay Penn royalties on net sales of licensed products and sublicense fees. Additionally, the Company was obligated to reimburse Penn for certain costs incurred related to the maintenance of the licensed patents.

In April 2019, the Penn License was amended to include exclusive license rights to certain patent rights and know-how, including research data and other information, relating to the treatment of late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 2 (CLN2) disease. In consideration for the additional licensed rights, and in addition to any consideration owed under the license prior to the amendment, the Company paid Penn an up-front fee and is obligated to pay milestone fees of up to $20.5 million upon the achievement of various development and sales-based milestones and additional royalties on net sales of licensed products for the treatment of CLN2 disease. From the inception of the agreement through December 31, 2025, the Company had incurred $0.5 million for development milestones achieved, or deemed probable of achievement, under the Penn License.

In March 2022, the Company and Penn entered into a letter agreement (the Penn Letter Agreement) pursuant to which the Company will pay to Penn a total of $20.0 million, consisting of (i) $8.0 million paid in April 2022 to satisfy payment of any sublicense fees due or owed in the future under the Penn License as a result of the Company’s collaboration and license agreement with AbbVie Global Enterprises Ltd., and (ii) $12.0 million to satisfy any other past or future obligations of the Company to pay sublicense fees under the Penn License, which is payable in four equal annual installments of $3.0 million beginning in March 2023. The Penn Letter Agreement amended the Penn License to remove the Company’s obligations to pay sublicense fees under the license agreement. The Company remains obligated to pay Penn royalties on net sales of licensed products, milestone fees and reimbursement of certain patent maintenance costs in accordance with the Penn License.

The Company recognized a charge of $9.2 million as cost of revenues upon the execution of Penn Letter Agreement in March 2022, which consisted of $17.3 million representing the present value of the $20.0 million payable under the Penn Letter Agreement, less $8.1 million in sublicense fees previously recognized as expense by the Company in prior periods and accrued as liabilities prior to the effectiveness of the Penn Letter Agreement. The present value discount is accreted as interest expense over the contractual payment period using the effective interest method.

Expenses incurred by the Company related to the Penn License were recorded as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

General and administrative

 

$

461

 

 

$

299

 

Interest expense

 

 

356

 

 

 

612

 

 

 

$

817

 

 

$

911

 

 

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had recorded $3.0 million payable under the Penn License, net of present value discount, which was included in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had recorded $5.8 million payable under the Penn License, net of present value discount, of which $2.9 million was included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and $2.9 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

GlaxoSmithKline

In March 2009, the Company entered into a license agreement, which was amended in April 2009 (as amended, the GSK License), with GlaxoSmithKline LLC (GSK) for exclusive, worldwide rights to certain patents underlying the Company’s NAV Technology Platform which are owned by Penn and exclusively licensed to GSK. Pursuant to the GSK License, the Company is obligated to pay GSK royalties on net sales of licensed products and sublicense fees. Additionally, the Company is obligated to reimburse GSK for certain costs incurred related to the maintenance of the licensed patents. The Company was also obligated to pay $1.5 million to GSK upon the achievement of various milestones, all of which have been achieved and paid.

In connection with the execution of the Penn Letter Agreement in March 2022, the Company’s royalty obligations under the GSK License were assigned by GSK to Penn. Beginning upon the effective date of the Penn Letter Agreement in March 2022, any royalties payable by the Company under the GSK License shall be paid to Penn rather than GSK. The Company remains obligated to pay GSK sublicense fees and reimbursement of certain patent maintenance costs in accordance with the GSK License.

Expenses incurred by the Company related to the GSK License were recorded as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31,

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

Cost of license and royalty revenues:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Royalties on net sales of Zolgensma and Itvisma

 

$

19,193

 

 

$

33,180

 

Other

 

 

399

 

 

 

337

 

Total cost of license and royalty revenues

 

 

19,592

 

 

 

33,517

 

General and administrative

 

 

196

 

 

 

369

 

 

 

$

19,788

 

 

$

33,886

 

 

As of December 31, 2025, the Company had recorded $5.7 million payable under the GSK License, of which $5.7 million was included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and less than $0.1 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had recorded $6.3 million payable under the GSK License, of which $6.2 million was included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and $0.1 million was included in other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet.

The Company has been notified of a dispute with GSK over the amount of sublicense fees paid by the Company to GSK under the GSK License. GSK claims there has been a significant underpayment by the Company as they are entitled to a sublicense payment on all amounts received by the Company from sublicensees, including royalties, and not just amounts received for GSK's sublicensed patents. The Company disagrees with GSK's interpretation of the GSK License and engaged in non-binding mediation with GSK but the dispute has not yet been resolved. The Company does not believe that a loss is probable, and no reasonable range of loss is estimable, related to this matter. No liabilities related to this matter were recorded as of December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Emory University

In August 2018, the Company entered into a license agreement (the Emory License) with Emory University (Emory) for an exclusive license to Emory’s interest in certain patent rights, which are co-owned by Emory and the Company, to commercialize products covered by the licensed patent rights in any country or territory. Patent rights licensed under the Emory License include certain rights which have been sublicensed by the Company to Novartis and are applicable to Itvisma for the treatment of certain patients with SMA. Pursuant to the Emory License, the Company is obligated to reimburse Emory for patent prosecution and maintenance expenses and pay Emory annual maintenance fees under certain circumstances, royalties on net sales, sublicense fees and fees upon the achievement of various milestones for the first licensed product. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company incurred $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, under the Emory License for milestone payments and patent maintenance costs.

Clearside Biomedical

In August 2019, the Company entered into an option and license agreement with Clearside Biomedical, Inc. (Clearside) pursuant to which the Company was granted an option to exclusively license the worldwide rights to certain patents related to Clearside’s proprietary, in-office SCS Microinjector® for the delivery of ABBV-RGX-314 to the suprachoroidal space to treat wet AMD, DR and other diseases. The Company exercised its license option in October 2019, resulting in a payment of $1.6 million to Clearside payable under the license agreement. Additionally, the Company is obligated to pay milestone fees of up to $136.0 million upon the achievement of various development and sales-based milestones, as well as royalties on net sales of licensed products using the SCS Microinjector. Clearside is responsible for supplying the SCS Microinjector to the Company to support all preclinical, clinical and commercial needs. From the inception of the agreement through December 31, 2025, the Company had incurred $3.0 million for development milestones achieved, or deemed probable of achievement, under the agreement.

In November 2025, Clearside announced that it filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code in the District of Delaware and that it was seeking authorization to sell all or substantially all of its assets in a court-supervised auction and sale process under Section 363 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. Clearside subsequently announced that it entered into an asset purchase agreement with a stalking horse bidder, Health Ocean Pharma (Eye) Limited, for the sale of substantially all of its assets, including its remaining rights with respect to the SCS Microinjector. The sale process is still ongoing and is subject to pending objections by parties in interest, and, therefore, the ultimate outcome of that process is unknown.

Other Licenses

In November 2014, the Company entered into a license agreement, which has been amended from time to time, with Regents of the University of Minnesota (Minnesota), for an exclusive license to Minnesota’s interest in certain patent rights which are co-owned by Minnesota and the Company to commercialize products covered by the licensed patent rights in any country or territory in which a licensed patent has been issued and is unexpired, or a licensed patent application is pending. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company is obligated to pay Minnesota annual maintenance fees, royalties on net sales, sublicense fees and fees upon the achievement of various milestones. Additionally, the Company is obligated to pay for certain costs incurred related to the maintenance of the licensed patents.

In June 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement with Johns Hopkins University (JHU) for an exclusive license to JHU's interest in certain patent rights which are co-owned by JHU and the Company to commercialize products covered by the licensed patent rights in any country or territory. Pursuant to the license agreement, the Company paid JHU an upfront fee and is obligated to pay JHU royalties on net sales, minimum annual royalties, sublicense fees and fees upon the achievement of various milestones for the first two licensed products. Additionally, the Company is obligated to pay for certain costs incurred related to the maintenance of the licensed patents.

Other Funding Commitments

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements with contract research organizations, contract manufacturing organizations and other third parties for services to be provided to the Company. Generally, these agreements provide for termination upon notice, with specified amounts due upon termination based on the timing of termination and the terms of the agreement. The actual amounts and timing of payments under these agreements are uncertain and contingent upon the initiation and completion of services to be provided to the Company.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that contain a variety of representations and provide for general indemnification. The Company’s potential exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company did not have any material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible and consequently had not recorded any related liabilities.

Litigation

On or about February 13, 2026, a putative securities class action complaint was filed by Andre Kuik against the Company and certain of its current officers and directors in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. The complaint asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, on behalf of a putative class of persons who purchased or otherwise acquired the Company's securities during the period from February 9, 2022 through January 27, 2026. The complaint alleges that the Company misled investors concerning the viability and safety of RGX-111 study, and that the Company's stock price declined following the announcement of the clinical holds imposed by the FDA on the Company’s RGX-111 and RGX-121 programs on January 28, 2026. The plaintiff seeks unspecified compensatory damages, attorneys' fees, expert fees and other costs, and other relief as the court may deem just and proper. The Company believes that it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted and intends to vigorously defend against them. The Company does not believe that a loss is probable, and no reasonable range of loss is estimable, related to this matter. No liabilities related to this matter were recorded as of December 31, 2025.

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Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 5, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 13, 2025
2023Feb 27, 2024
2022Feb 28, 2023
2021Mar 1, 2022
2020Mar 1, 2021
2019Feb 26, 2020
2018Feb 27, 2019
2017Mar 6, 2018
2016Mar 7, 2017
2015Mar 3, 2016

About Commitments Disclosures

Commitments and contingencies disclosures catalog a company's off-balance-sheet obligations and legal exposures — purchase commitments, guarantee arrangements, pending litigation, and regulatory proceedings. These items represent potential future cash outflows that may not appear as liabilities on the balance sheet until they become probable and estimable.

Key signals: litigation reserves and disclosed loss ranges quantify management's estimate of legal exposure, but unquantified "reasonably possible" losses often represent the larger risk. Watch for changes in language around pending cases — shifts from "remote" to "reasonably possible" or increases in estimated loss ranges signal deteriorating outcomes. Unconditional purchase obligations and take-or-pay contracts create fixed cost structures that reduce operational flexibility. Guarantee arrangements for subsidiaries or joint ventures can create cascading obligations. Compare the total commitment schedule against projected free cash flow to assess whether the company can meet its obligations without additional financing.