Note 4 — Fair Value Measures

 

Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities

 

In accordance with ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement, the Company measures fair value at the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. In determining fair value, the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability (the inputs) are based on a tiered fair value hierarchy consisting of three levels, as follows:

 

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2: Other inputs that are observable directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or for similar markets that are not active.

 

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data which require the Company to develop its own assumptions about how market participants would price the asset or liability.

 

Valuation techniques for assets and liabilities include methodologies such as the market approach, the income approach or the cost approach, and may use unobservable inputs such as projections, estimates and management’s interpretation of current market data. These unobservable inputs are only utilized to the extent that observable inputs are not available or cost-effective to obtain.

 

At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were as follows:

 

   December 31, 2024   December 31, 2023 
   Fair Value Measurements Using Input Types   Fair Value Measurements Using Input Types 
(In thousands)  Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total 
Assets:                                        
Money market funds  $           $   $           $ 
Total assets  $   $   $   $   $   $   $   $ 
Liabilities:                                        
Warrant liabilities - January 2022 warrants  $   $   $1   $1   $   $   $1   $1 
Warrant liabilities - March 2022 warrants           15    15            7    7 
Warrant liabilities - August 2022 warrants           46    46            18    18 
Warrant liabilities - December 2022 warrants           934    934            1,264    1,264 
Total liabilities  $   $   $996   $996   $   $   $1,290   $1,290 

 

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 

The Company has certain financial instruments which consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, contingent consideration, operating lease liabilities, long-term debt, related party debt, and warrant liabilities. Fair value information for each of these instruments as well as other balances of the Company are as follows:

 

Cash and cash equivalents, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate their fair value based on the short-term nature of these instruments.

 

Accounts receivable are presented net of an allowance for estimated credit losses, which approximates fair value.

 

The carrying value of lease liabilities approximates fair value due to the implicit discount rates used in the determination of the lease liabilities being consistent with the Company’s incremental borrowing rates at the time of lease inception and accounting for the duration of the leases.

 

Long-term debt and related party debt, including the debt that has undergone troubled debt restructuring, is carried at amortized cost, dictated by the prevailing market interest rates at the time of each transaction in accordance with ASC Topic 470, Debt (“ASC 470”).

 

The Company’s warrant liabilities are marked-to-market each reporting period with the changes in fair value of warrant liabilities recorded in other income (expense), net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations until the warrants are exercised. The fair value of the warrant liabilities are estimated using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

 

As detailed in Note 12 - Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit), during the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company amended Pre-Funded Warrants that had been issued to a related party such that they again became liability classified. These warrants were marked to fair value upon the execution of this amendment in August 2024. Through an additional amendment executed as of December 31, 2024, the warrants again met the requirements for equity classification and were marked to fair value at the moment of the amendment and then reclassified from liability to equity. The warrants will not be marked to fair value on a recurring basis.

Warrant Liabilities

 

The estimated fair value of the warrant liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is determined using Level 3 inputs. Inherent in a Black-Scholes option-pricing model are assumptions used in calculating the estimated fair values that represent the Company’s best estimate. The volatility rate is determined utilizing the Company’s own share price and the share price of competitors over time.

 

However, inherent uncertainties are involved. If factors or assumptions change, the estimated fair values could be materially different.

 

The following table summarizes the Company’s assumptions used in the valuations as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 

   January 2022
Warrants
   March 2022
Warrants
   August 2022
Warrants
   December 2022
Warrants
 
   December 31, 2024 
Stock price  $28.99   $28.99   $28.99   $28.99 
Exercise price  $22,440.00   $6,450.00   $3,690.00   $0.14 
Expected term (in Years)   2.08    2.73    3.14    2.97 
Volatility   171.00%   171.00%   171.00%   171.00%
Discount rate - treasury yield   4.27%   4.27%   4.27%   4.27%

 

   January 2022
Warrants
   March 2022
Warrants
   August 2022
Warrants
   December 2022
Warrants
 
   December 31, 2023 
Stock price  $1.26   $1.26   $1.26   $1.26 
Exercise price  $1,496.00   $430.00   $246.00   $3.45 
Expected term (in Years)   3.57    4.13    4.13    4.13 
Volatility   138.00%   136.00%   136.00%   136.00%
Discount rate - treasury yield   3.96%   3.91%   3.91%   3.91%

 

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Level 3 warrant liabilities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

 

   2024   2023 
Warrant liabilities - beginning of period  $1,290   $5,985 
Initial fair value of warrant liabilities   5,601     
Exercise of warrants   (3,026)    
Reclassification of warrant liabilities to equity   (20,771)    
Change in estimated fair value   17,902    (4,695)
Warrant liabilities end of period  $996   $1,290 
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Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2024Mar 21, 2025Showing above
2023Apr 15, 2024

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.