Seer, Inc. Income Taxes Disclosure

Deferred income tax reflects the tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The categories that give rise to significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

The tax benefit of net operating losses, temporary differences, and credit carryforwards are recorded as an asset to the extent that management assesses that realization is more likely than not. Management assesses the available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of existing deferred. In the U.S, a significant piece of objective negative evidence evaluated was the cumulative loss incurred since the Company’s incorporation in 2017. Such objective evidence limits the ability to recognize the domestic net deferred tax assets. The amount of the net deferred tax assets considered realizable, could be adjusted as estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced or increased or if objective negative evidence in the form of cumulative losses is no longer present and additional weight is given to subjective evidence, such as the Company’s projections for growth. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the net changes in the net valuation allowance were an increase of $16.4 million and $17.1 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $262.4 million and $182.3 million, respectively, which will carryforward indefinitely for federal tax purposes. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $226.6 million and $185.7 million, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2035 for state tax purposes.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had federal research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $8.6 million and $7.0 million, respectively, which begin to expire in 2039 and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $6.8 million and $5.5 million, respectively, which will carry forward indefinitely.

Utilization of the Company’s federal and state net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation in the event that there is a change in ownership as provided by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and similar state codes. Such limitation could result in a deferral or expiration of the utilization of the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. The Company concluded that while ownership changes occurred in 2018, 2020, and 2022, no tax attributes are expected to expire unutilized as a result of the Section 382 limitation.

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $3.8 million and $3.1 million, respectively. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits is not expected to significantly change over the next twelve months. No amounts, outside of valuation allowance, would impact the effective tax rate on the continuing operations. The beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefits amounts are as follows (in thousands):

It is the Company’s policy to include penalties and interest expense related to income taxes as a component of other expense and interest expense, respectively, as necessary. Management determined that no accrual for interest and penalties was required as of December 31, 2025.

The Company files tax returns in the U.S., United Kingdom, and Germany. Domestic tax returns will remain open for examination by the federal and state taxing authorities for three and four years, respectively, from the date of utilization of any net operating loss carryforwards or research and development credits.