Note 9 – Fair value measurements

 

Fair value hierarchy Levels 1 to 3 are based on the degree to which the fair value is observable:

 

Level 1 fair value measurements are those derived from quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

 

 

Level 2 fair value measurements are those derived from inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e., as prices) or indirectly (i.e., derived from prices); and

 

Level 3 fair value measurement are those derived from valuation techniques that include inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs).

 

The Company has assessed that the fair value of cash, trade and other receivables, and trade and other payables approximate their carrying amounts largely due to the short-term maturities of these instruments.

 

The carrying amount of the Company’s borrowings are considered to be the same as their fair values, as the terms of the Company’s borrowings are considered to be consistent with the commercial terms prevalent for similar loans. The Company has classified its derivative liability as a Level 3 financial instrument due to the use of unobservable inputs in its valuation.

 

The Company has no financial instruments classified as Level 2.

 

Financial risk management

 

The Company’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk (primarily interest rate risk). Risk management is carried out by the Company by identifying and evaluating the financial risks inherent within its operations. The Company’s overall risk management activities seek to minimize potential adverse effects on the Company’s financial performance.

 

Liquidity risk

 

The Company is exposed to liquidity risk related to its financial liabilities, including trade payables, short-term borrowings, and convertible debt. Management monitors liquidity through cash flow forecasts and maintains access to credit facilities.

 

The following table summarizes the contractual maturities of the Company’s financial liabilities (including principal and interest) on an undiscounted basis:

 

September 30, 2025

 

   Year 1   Year 2   Year 3   Year 4  

Year 5 and over

   Total 
Convertible debentures       10,404                10,404 
Trade and other payables   2,147                    2,147 
Total  $2,147   $10,404   $   $   $   $12,551 

 

As of September 30, 2025, the Company has no financial instruments requiring fair value measurement disclosures that differ from their carrying amounts; accordingly.

 

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.