Goodwill and Other Intangibles
Goodwill
Changes in the net carrying value of goodwill by segment were as follows (in millions):
 CFAVATotal
Goodwill as of December 31, 2024$2,085 $1,806 $3,891 
Elo acquisition776 — 776 
Photoneo acquisition— 34 34 
Foreign exchange impact23 26 
Goodwill as of December 31, 2025$2,864 $1,863 $4,727 
As discussed in Note 1, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation, the Company changed its operating segments effective in the fourth quarter of 2025. Existing goodwill was reallocated to the new reporting units on a relative fair value basis. No events occurred during the fiscal years ended 2025, 2024 or 2023 that indicated it was more likely than not that our goodwill was impaired. See Note 5, Business Acquisitions for further details related to the Company’s acquisitions and purchase price allocations.

Other Intangibles, net
The balances in Other Intangibles, net consisted of the following (in millions):
 As of December 31, 2025As of December 31, 2024
 Gross Carrying AmountAccumulated
Amortization & Impairment
NetGross Carrying AmountAccumulated
Amortization & Impairment
Net
Amortized intangible assets
Technology and patents$1,248 $(843)$405 $949 $(737)$212 
Customer and other relationships1,079 (693)386 857 (647)210 
Trade names85 (67)18 65 (65)— 
Total$2,412 $(1,603)$809 $1,871 $(1,449)$422 
 
Amortization expense was $114 million, $104 million and $104 million for years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In relation to the Company’s decision to dispose of or exit its robotics automation solutions business, we recognized an impairment loss of $34 million on our technology and patent-related intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2025. See Note 9, Exit and Restructuring Costs for additional information.

Estimated future intangible asset amortization expense is as follows (in millions):
Year Ended December 31,
2026$149 
2027135 
2028122 
202994 
203086 
Thereafter223 
Total$809 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 12, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 13, 2025
2023Feb 15, 2024
2022Feb 16, 2023
2021Feb 10, 2022
2020Feb 11, 2021
2019Feb 13, 2020
2018Feb 14, 2019
2017Feb 22, 2018
2016Feb 27, 2017
2015Feb 29, 2016

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.