Property, plant and equipment consist of the following as of July 31:
 Range of Useful Lives20252024
Land$31,194 $30,604 
Buildings and improvements10 to 33 Years199,727 147,767 
Machinery and equipment3 to 10 Years295,174 288,885 
Construction in progress13,255 32,701 
Property, plant and equipment—gross539,350 499,957 
Accumulated depreciation(313,778)(304,199)
Property, plant and equipment—net$225,572 $195,758 

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.