Property, plant and equipment consist of the following at July 31, 2025 and 2024:
 20252024
Machinery and equipment$138,678,000 142,405,000 
Internal-use software33,595,000 28,869,000 
Leasehold improvements17,698,000 17,175,000 
 189,971,000 188,449,000 
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization146,561,000 141,121,000 
Property, plant and equipment, net$43,410,000 47,328,000 

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.