Note 4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

 

The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities, and accounts payable. The Company’s cash, cash equivalents, and accounts payable approximate fair value due to their relatively short maturities.

 

The following table presents the Company’s assets that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

 

   

December 31, 2025

 
   

(Level 1)

   

(Level 2)

   

(Level 3)

 
                         

Assets

                       

Cash equivalents:

                       

Money market accounts

  $ 6,300,291     $     $  

Commercial paper

          999,330        

Marketable securities:

                       

Commercial paper

          11,139,880        

US treasury bonds

          1,238,538        

US government agency bonds

          250,552        

Total assets measured at fair value

  $ 6,300,291     $ 13,628,300     $  

 

   

December 31, 2024

 
   

(Level 1)

   

(Level 2)

   

(Level 3)

 
                         

Assets

                       

Cash equivalents (money market accounts)

  $ 7,559,336     $     $  

Marketable securities:

                       

Commercial paper

          18,032,943        

US treasury bonds

          7,951,060        

US government agency bonds

          3,938,520        

Total assets measured at fair value

  $ 7,559,336     $ 29,922,523     $  

 

The fair values of the Company’s Level 2 marketable securities are estimated primarily based on benchmark yields, reported trades, market-based quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data including market research publications, which represent a market approach. In general, a market approach is utilized if there is readily available and relevant market activity for an individual security. This valuation technique may change from period to period, based on the relevance and availability of market data.

 

The following is a summary of the Company's marketable securities which provides a reconciliation of amortized cost basis to fair value including cumulative unrealized gains and losses as of December 31, 2025 and 2024:

 

   

December 31, 2025

 
   

Amortized Cost

   

Unrealized gains

   

Unrealized losses

   

Fair Value

 
                                 

Commercial paper

  $ 11,134,856     $ 5,024     $     $ 11,139,880  

US treasury bonds

    1,237,794       744             1,238,538  

US government agency bonds

    250,504       48             250,552  

Total

  $ 12,623,154     $ 5,816     $     $ 12,628,970  

 

   

December 31, 2024

 
   

Amortized Cost

   

Unrealized gains

   

Unrealized losses

   

Fair Value

 

Commercial paper

  $ 18,019,334     $ 16,393     $ (2,784 )   $ 18,032,943  

US treasury bonds

    7,920,620       30,440             7,951,060  

US government agency bonds

    3,926,372       12,148             3,938,520  

Total

  $ 29,866,326     $ 58,981     $ (2,784 )   $ 29,922,523  

 

There were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 categories in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

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Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 13, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 17, 2025
2022Mar 24, 2023
2018Mar 19, 2019
2017Apr 2, 2018
2016Mar 31, 2017

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.