A summary of property, plant and equipment, at cost, and related accumulated depreciation is as follows:
December 31,
20252024
Land$89,988 $89,988 
Buildings and improvements59,557 54,424 
Machinery and equipment781,236 712,349 
Construction in progress32,368 25,349 
Property, plant and equipment, gross963,149 882,110 
Less: accumulated depreciation(481,990)(423,426)
Total property, plant and equipment, net$481,159 $458,684 

About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.