5. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables present the Company’s fair value hierarchy for its assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and indicate the level within the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques the Company utilized to determine such fair value:

 

 

 

Fair Value Measurements at
December 31, 2025

 

 

Level 1

 

 

Level 2

 

 

Level 3

 

 

Total

 

Assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash equivalents:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Money market mutual funds

 

 

5,401

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5,401

 

 

$

5,401

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

5,401

 

Liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Warrant liability - public warrants

 

$

706

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

706

 

Warrant liability - private placement warrants

 

 

 

 

 

1,213

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,213

 

Warrant liability - Series A penny warrants

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2,525

 

 

 

2,525

 

 

$

706

 

 

$

1,213

 

 

$

2,525

 

 

$

4,444

 

 

 

Fair Value Measurements at
December 31, 2024

 

 

Level 1

 

 

Level 2

 

 

Level 3

 

 

Total

 

Assets:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cash equivalents:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Money market mutual funds

 

$

2,710

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

2,710

 

Investments in securities

 

 

849

 

 

 

64,692

 

 

 

 

 

 

65,541

 

 

$

3,559

 

 

$

64,692

 

 

$

 

 

$

68,251

 

Liabilities:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Warrant liability - public warrants

 

$

454

 

 

$

 

 

$

 

 

$

454

 

Warrant liability - private placement warrants

 

 

 

 

 

780

 

 

 

 

 

 

780

 

Warrant liability - Series A penny warrants

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,780

 

 

 

1,780

 

 

$

454

 

 

$

780

 

 

$

1,780

 

 

$

3,014

 

 

The fair values of government money market funds have been measured on a recurring basis using Level 1 inputs, which are based on unadjusted quoted market prices within active markets. The short-term investments, including investments in fixed income securities, have been measured using quoted pricing on active markets for Level 1 investments and inputs based on alternative pricing sources and models utilizing observable market inputs for Level 2 investments.

The fair value of the Public Warrants is classified as Level 1 due to the use of an observable market quote in an active market. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants is classified as Level 2 due to the use of an observable market quote for the Public Warrants, which are considered to be a similar asset in an active market. The warrant liability is calculated by multiplying the quoted market price of the Company’s Public Warrants by the total number of Public Warrants and Private Placement Warrants.

The Company’s Level 3 liability consists of the Series A Penny Warrants associated with the issuance of Series A Preferred Stock. This liability has been classified as Level 3 due to the use of an unobservable input within the valuation, namely volatility.

The fair value of the Series A Penny Warrant liability as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 was determined utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation valuation method, using the following inputs and assumptions:

 

 

$ in thousands, except for Stock price, Strike price, and share amounts

 

December 31, 2025

 

Warrant Shares

 

 

1,469,519

 

Aggregate Value Cap

 

$

11,250

 

Stock price

 

$

4.11

 

Strike price

 

$

0.01

 

Term (in years)

 

3.18 years

 

Volatility

 

 

109.0

%

Risk free rate

 

 

3.6

%

Dividend Rate

 

 

%

 

$ in thousands, except for Stock price, Strike price, and share amounts

 

December 31, 2024

 

Warrant Shares

 

 

1,274,742

 

Aggregate Value Cap

 

$

11,250

 

Stock price

 

$

3.15

 

Strike price

 

$

0.01

 

Term (in years)

 

4.2 years

 

Volatility

 

 

100.0

%

Risk free rate

 

 

4.3

%

Dividend Rate

 

 

%

 

The following table shows the change in the fair value of the Series A Penny Warrant liability for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

 

 

 

Amount

 

Balance as of December 31, 2023

 

$

 

Issuance of Series A Penny Warrants

 

 

3,747

 

Change in fair value of Series A Penny Warrants

 

 

(1,967

)

Balance as of December 31, 2024

 

 

1,780

 

Change in fair value of Series A Penny Warrants

 

 

745

 

Balance as of December 31, 2025

 

$

2,525

 

 

There have been no changes in valuation techniques and related inputs. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, there were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3.

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 5, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 24, 2025
2023May 1, 2024
2022Apr 13, 2023
2021Apr 15, 2022

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.