NOTE 4: GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill:
December 31,
(in millions)20242025
Beginning balance$175 $179 
Less: Accumulated impairment— — 
Beginning balance, net175 179 
Additions due to business combinations(1)
204 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
— 
Ending balance$179 $385 
_______________
(1) For the year ended December 31, 2025, additions are related to the acquisition of TradePMR and Bitstamp as disclosed in Note 3 - Business Combinations
There was no impairment of goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025.
Intangible Assets
The following tables summarize the components of intangible assets:

December 31, 2024
(in millions, except years)Gross Carrying ValueAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying ValueWeighted Average Remaining Useful Life - Years
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Developed technology$51 $(33)$18 2.63
Customer relationships23 (13)10 4.72
Indefinite-lived intangible assets10 — 10 N/A
Total$84 $(46)$38 
December 31, 2025
(in millions, except years)Gross Carrying ValueAccumulated AmortizationNet Carrying ValueWeighted Average Remaining Useful Life - Years
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Developed technology$98 $(26)$72 4.37
Customer relationships64 (7)57 11.64
Trade names(1)2.43
Indefinite-lived intangible assets37 — 37 N/A
Foreign currency translation adjustment
— N/A
Total$202 $(34)$168 
Amortization expense of intangible assets was $14 million, $20 million, and $23 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. There was no impairment of intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2024 and an immaterial impairment of intangible assets for the year ended 2025.
As of December 31, 2025, the estimated future amortization expense of finite-lived intangible assets was as follows:
(in millions)Finite-lived Intangible Assets
2026$27 
202722 
202818 
202918 
203012 
Thereafter33 
Total$130 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 18, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 18, 2025
2023Feb 27, 2024
2022Feb 27, 2023
2021Feb 24, 2022

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.