Major classes of PP&E, along with their original useful lives (as applicable) are as follows:
(Millions)
Original lives
December 31, 2025December 31, 2024
Land$202 $200 
Buildings and leasehold improvements
10 to 40 years
7,729 7,432 
Machinery and equipment
3 to 15 years
15,328 14,780 
Construction in progress663 994 
Gross property, plant and equipment23,922 23,406 
Accumulated depreciation(16,821)(16,018)
Property, plant and equipment - net$7,101 $7,388 
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About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.