Note 9 - Convertible Notes

2028 Notes

In December 2022, the Company issued $401.0 million in aggregate principal amount of its 2028 Notes pursuant to an indenture, dated as of December 22, 2022 (as supplemented by that certain First Supplemental Indenture, dated April 25, 2025 and Second Supplemental Indenture, dated September 19, 2025, the "2028 Notes Indenture"), between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee.The 2028 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company, which accrue interest quarterly at a rate of 3.75% per annum, with such interest to be paid in kind through an increase in the principal amount of the 2028 Notes, or paid in cash, at the election of the Company, on a quarterly basis. The 2028 Notes will mature on December 15, 2028 unless earlier redeemed, repurchased, or converted.

Holders of the 2028 Notes may convert their 2028 Notes in the following circumstances:

From the second anniversary of the issue date of the 2028 Notes through the business day before the earlier of (x) the maturity date of the 2028 Notes and (y) the date of a Qualified IPO;
From the business day after nine months following the IPO through the business day before maturity date of the 2028 Notes;
Upon certain corporate events, including a Fundamental Change or Common Stock Change Event (each as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture); and
If the Company elects to redeem the 2028 Notes in connection with certain tax events.

In April 2025, the Company amended certain terms of the 2028 Notes, which amendments became effective upon the effectiveness of the IPO in September 2025. The amendments included the following:

Extension of the maturity date of the 2028 Notes from December 15, 2027 to December 15, 2028;
Cancellation of the holders’ option to request the repurchase of the 2028 Notes in December 2026, and modification of the optional repurchase window to begin 120 days prior to the amended maturity date of the 2028 Notes and end 91 days prior to such date;
Modification of post-Redemption Trigger Date (as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture) redemption terms, under which the Company may redeem the 2028 Notes on or before the fortieth scheduled trading day immediately prior to the maturity date of the 2028 Notes, contingent upon the price of the Company’s Class B common stock exceeding at least 200% (or 230% post-December 15, 2027) of the conversion price for a specified period unless such redemption is in connection with a change in tax law.

Following the Company's IPO in September 2025, if any of the 2028 Notes are converted by the holders thereof, the Company may elect to settle such conversion by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of its Class B common stock, or any combination thereof. However, for the conversions that occur before the Qualified IPO, conversions could only be settled in shares of the Company's common stock. The conversion rate of the 2028 Notes is 42.1046 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2028 Notes, which is equal to a conversion price of approximately $23.75 per share.

The Company may not redeem the 2028 Notes before the one-year anniversary of the IPO, or the period between the effective date of a Fundamental Change up to the sixty-fifth trading day following the date the Company issues the related Fundamental Change notice, or the Redemption Trigger Date (as defined in the 2028 Notes Indenture) unless it is a redemption in connection with a change in tax law. After the Redemption Trigger Date and before maturity of the 2028 Notes, the Company may redeem some or all of the 2028 Notes if the last reported sale price of its Class B common stock is at least 200% (or 230% post-December 15, 2027) of the conversion price for a specific trading-day periods and if certain liquidity conditions are satisfied. The redemption price will equal the principal plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 2028 Notes called for redemption, except that redemptions in connection with certain corporate events will be subject to the Fundamental Change repurchase price as described below. The Company may not redeem less than all of the 2028 Notes if following such redemption, fewer than $100.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes would remain outstanding.

Holders of the 2028 Notes have the right to request the Company to repurchase all or part of the 2028 Notes in cash during the period beginning 120 days prior to the maturity date of the 2028 Notes and ending 91 days prior to the maturity date of the 2028 Notes. The repurchase price included principal, accrued interest, and a minimum return multiple equal to a quarterly compounded 14.0% rate, reduced for any prior cash interest payments.

If a Fundamental Change occurs prior to maturity, the holders of the 2028 Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or any whole number of their 2028 Notes for cash. The repurchase price would be the greater of (i) a specified premium ranging from 140% to 170% of principal amount of the 2028 Notes, depending on the date of such repurchase, and (ii) the principal amount plus all accrued and unpaid interest thereon. The definition of Fundamental Change in the 2028 Notes Indenture includes certain business combination transactions involving the Company, as well as certain de-listing events concerning the Company's common stock.

The 2028 Notes Indenture contains customary terms, covenants, and events of default. Upon an event of default related to insolvency or bankruptcy of the Company, the 2028 Notes become immediately due and payable without further action or notice by any person. Upon certain other events of default, the 2028 Notes may be accelerated by the trustee under the 2028 Notes Indenture or by holders representing at least 25% of the outstanding aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes. Upon acceleration, the amount due includes the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 2028 Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest, and an acceleration premium designed to ensure a minimum total return of 140% to 170% of the principal amount of the 2028 Notes, taking into account any prior cash interest payments made.

The 2028 Notes are subject to certain negative covenants that restrict the ability of the Company and its subsidiaries to incur additional indebtedness while at least 10% of the originally issued aggregate principal amount of the 2028 Notes remains outstanding, subject to certain exclusions and exceptions. Prior to the Qualified IPO, the 2028 Notes also contained restrictions on the Company's ability to make dividends or other equity-related payments, redeem or prepay any the Company's or its subsidiaries' subordinated obligations, consummate certain asset sales, or sell or exclusively license material intellectual property, in each case, subject to certain exclusions and exceptions. Prior to the Qualified IPO, the Company was also required to maintain minimum liquidity equal to the excess of its consolidated cash over accounts payable outstanding more than 90 days from invoice date in an amount of at least $40.0 million. However, the 2028 Notes permit the Company to secure and draw on a revolving credit facility of up to $150 million.

2029 Notes

In August 2024, the Company entered into a Note Purchase Agreement, or the Note Agreement, with certain investors. Pursuant to the Note Agreement, in September 2024 or the Issuance Date, the Company issued $75.0 million in an aggregate principal amount of its 2029 Notes pursuant to an indenture, dated September 30, 2024 (as supplemented by that certain First Supplemental Indenture,

dated as of September 19, 2025, the "2029 Notes Indenture"), between the Company and U.S. Bank Trust Company, National Association, as trustee. The 2029 Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company, which accrue interest quarterly at a rate of 3.00% per annum, with such interest to be paid in kind through an increase in the principal amount of the 2029 Notes, or paid in cash, at the election of the Company, on a quarterly basis. The 2029 Notes will mature on August 1, 2029, or Maturity Date, unless earlier redeemed, repurchased, or converted.

Holders of the 2029 Notes may convert their 2029 Notes in the following circumstances:

From the second anniversary of the Signing Date (as defined in the 2029 notes Indenture) of the 2029 Notes through the business day before the earlier of (x) the maturity date of the 2029 Notes and (y) the date of a Qualified IPO;
From the business day after nine months following a the IPO through the business day before maturity date of the 2029 Notes;
Upon certain corporate events, including a Fundamental Change or Common Stock Change Event (each as defined in the 2029 Notes Indenture); and
If the Company elects to redeem the 2029 Notes in connection with certain tax events.

Following the Company's IPO, if any of the 2029 Notes are converted by the holders thereof, the Company may elect to settle such conversions by paying or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of its Class B common stock, or any combination thereof. However, for any conversions that occur before a Qualified IPO, such conversion could only be settled in shares of the Company's common stock. The conversion rate of the 2029 Notes is 40.4858 shares per $1,000 principal amount of 2029 Notes, which is equal to a conversion price of approximately $24.70 per share.

The Company may not redeem the 2029 Notes before the one-year anniversary of the IPO, or the period between the effective date of a Fundamental Change up to the sixty-fifth trading day following the date the Company issues the related Fundamental Change notice, or the Redemption Trigger Date (as defined in the 2029 Notes Indenture) unless it is a redemption in connection with a change in tax law. After the Redemption Trigger Date and before maturity of the 2029 Notes, the Company may redeem some or all of the 2029 Notes if the last reported sale price of its Class B common stock is at least 200% of the conversion price for specified trading-day periods and if certain liquidity conditions are satisfied. The redemption price will equal the principal plus accrued and unpaid interest on the 2029 Notes called for redemption, except that redemptions in connection with certain corporate events will be subject to the Fundamental Change repurchase price as described below. The Company may not redeem less than all of the 2029 Notes if, following such redemption, fewer than $50.0 million aggregate principal amount of the 2029 Notes would remain outstanding

Holders of the 2029 Notes have the right to request the Company to repurchase all or part of the 2029 Notes in cash after the earlier of (i) the fourth anniversary of the issue date of the 2029 Notes and (ii) the third anniversary of the IPO, but prior to 91 days before maturity. The repurchase price includes principal, accrued interest, and a required minimum return based on a 13.50% quarterly compounded rate.

The terms relating to Fundamental Change, negative covenants, and events of default under the 2029 Notes are substantially similar as those governing the 2028 Notes. Refer to 2028 Notes description above for a full summary of these terms.

The change in the fair value of the Convertible Notes and the related impact on the consolidated statement of operations and the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss are presented below (in thousands):

 

 

2028 Notes

 

 

2029 Notes

 

 

Total

 

Fair value as of January 31, 2023

 

$

420,280

 

 

$

-

 

 

$

420,280

 

   Change in fair value reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations

 

 

38,575

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

38,575

 

   Change in fair value reported in Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss

 

 

13,645

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

13,645

 

Fair value as of January 31, 2024

 

 

472,500

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

472,500

 

   Issuance during the period

 

 

-

 

 

 

75,000

 

 

 

75,000

 

Change in fair value reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations

 

 

94,030

 

 

 

4,597

 

 

 

98,627

 

   Change in fair value reported in Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss

 

 

(19,269

)

 

 

(236

)

 

 

(19,505

)

Fair value as of January 31, 2025

 

 

547,261

 

 

 

79,361

 

 

 

626,622

 

   Change in fair value reported in the Consolidated Statement of Operations

 

 

27,406

 

 

 

6,850

 

 

 

34,256

 

Change in fair value reported in Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss

 

 

51,981

 

 

 

8,101

 

 

 

60,082

 

Fair value as of January 31, 2026

 

$

626,648

 

 

$

94,312

 

 

$

720,960

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Remaining unpaid principal as of January 31, 2026

 

$

401,000

 

 

$

75,000

 

 

$

476,000

 

 

PIK interest expense included in the fair value changes for the 2028 Notes was $16.5 million, $15.9 million and $15.3 million for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2026, 2025, and 2024, respectively. For the 2029 Notes, PIK interest expense was $2.3 million and $0.8 million for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2026 and 2025, respectively. No interest expense was recorded in the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024.

About Debt Disclosures

Debt disclosures detail a company's borrowing structure — the types of instruments, interest rates, maturity schedule, and covenant restrictions that define its financial obligations and flexibility. This section is essential for assessing refinancing risk, interest rate exposure, and the margin of safety against financial distress.

Key signals: the maturity schedule reveals concentration risk — large maturities within 1-2 years during tight credit markets can force dilutive refinancing or asset sales. Compare the fair value of debt against carrying amount to gauge whether the market views the company's credit risk differently than the balance sheet suggests. Watch covenant compliance disclosures for tightening cushions, especially leverage and interest coverage ratios. Variable-rate debt exposure quantifies sensitivity to interest rate changes. Secured versus unsecured mix affects recovery rates and future borrowing capacity. Compare net debt-to-EBITDA against industry peers and covenant limits to assess financial health.