The range of useful lives for the major components of the Company’s property, plant and equipment is as follows:
Useful Life (Years)
Buildings and leasehold improvements
15 – 40 years
Machinery and equipment
Furnaces
4 – 15 years
Information systems
5 – 10 years
Equipment
5 – 20 years
Property, plant and equipment consist of the following:
December 31,
(In millions)20252024
Land$185 $178 
Buildings and leasehold improvements1,418 1,238 
Machinery and equipment5,471 4,876 
Construction in progress535 564 
Property, plant and equipment, gross7,609 6,856 
Accumulated depreciation(3,439)(3,038)
Property, plant and equipment, net$4,170 $3,818 
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About PP&E Disclosures

The PP&E disclosure details a company's physical asset base — land, buildings, machinery, and equipment — along with the depreciation methods and useful life assumptions that determine how these costs flow through the income statement. Capitalization policy thresholds reveal management's judgment on the boundary between expense and asset, directly affecting both reported earnings and asset values.

Key signals: changes in estimated useful lives or depreciation methods can materially shift reported earnings without any operational change. Compare capital expenditures against depreciation expense — when capex consistently trails depreciation, the asset base may be aging and underinvested. Watch for large asset impairments or write-downs that signal overvalued carrying amounts. Asset retirement obligations reveal future environmental or decommissioning costs that are often underappreciated. Compare PP&E intensity (PP&E-to-revenue) against industry peers to assess capital efficiency and competitive positioning.