(5)Fair value measurements

 

Book value and fair value of financial instruments

 

The difference between the carrying amount and fair value of the Group’s financial assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 are insignificant.

 

Fair value hierarchy

 

All financial assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole:

 

Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

 

Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable

 

Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement is unobservable

 

Fair values of the Group’s financial assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, which are accounted as amortized cost, are categorized as Level 3.

Recurring transfer between levels of the fair value hierarchy

 

Fair value hierarchy classifications of the financial instruments that are measured at fair value level 3 as at December 31, 2025 is as follows (Null at December 31, 2024):

 

   December 31, 2025 
   Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total 
Recurring fair value measurements Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  $
          -
   $
            -
   $2,530,176   $2,530,176 

 

Valuation Techniques and the Inputs

 

Valuation techniques and inputs used in the recurring and non-recurring fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as at December 31, 2025 is as follows (Null at December 31, 2024):

 

The Group did not change any valuation techniques in determining the fair value, which is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

 

   December 31, 2025
   Fair Value   Level   Valuation
Techniques
  Inputs
               
               
Financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss  $2,530,176    3   Tsiveriotis- Fernandes model  Stock Volatility, Risk-free rate

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 31, 2026Showing above
2024Apr 22, 2025
2023Apr 17, 2024

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.