6.

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes is as follows:

For the years ended December 31

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Current Tax

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States

 

$

(6

)

 

$

8

 

 

$

12

 

Canada

 

 

48

 

 

 

74

 

 

 

269

 

Total Current Tax Expense (Recovery)

 

 

42

 

 

 

82

 

 

 

281

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deferred Tax

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States

 

 

202

 

 

 

228

 

 

 

248

 

Canada

 

 

(716

)

 

 

(84

)

 

 

(104

)

Total Deferred Tax Expense (Recovery)

 

 

(514

)

 

 

144

 

 

 

144

 

Income Tax Expense (Recovery)

 

$

(472

)

 

$

226

 

 

$

425

 

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the current income tax expense was primarily due to the Canadian earnings subject to current tax.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the current income tax expense was primarily due to the Canadian earnings subject to current tax and the impact of the corporate alternative minimum tax (“CAMT”) in the U.S.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the current income tax expense was primarily due to the full utilization of Ovintiv’s operating losses in Canada and recognition of prior year deferred income, resulting in current tax in 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, the deferred tax recovery was primarily due to the impact of the commercial restructure in Canada described below and ceiling test impairments in Canada, partially offset by taxes on U.S. earnings.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the deferred tax expense was primarily due to taxes on U.S. earnings, partially offset by deferred tax recovery in Canada due to ceiling test impairments.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the deferred tax expense was primarily due to taxes on U.S. earnings, offset by the recognition of U.S. research and development credits of $136 million. In addition, the deferred tax recovery in Canada was primarily from the recognition of prior year deferred income as discussed above.

The following disclosures reflect the Company’s prospective adoption of ASU 2023-09 (see Note 1).

The components of net earnings (loss) before income tax for 2025 consist of:

 

For the year ended December 31

 

 

 

 

 

2025

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net Earnings (Loss) Before Income Tax:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States

 

 

 

 

 

$

1,215

 

Canada

 

 

 

 

 

 

(445

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

$

770

 

 

The following table is the rate reconciliation between income tax expense (recovery) compared to statutory expectations.

 

For the year ended December 31

 

 

 

2025

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Amount

 

 

Percent

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net Earnings (Loss) Before Income Tax

 

 

 

 

 

$

770

 

 

 

 

Expected Income Tax Expense (Recovery) and United States Federal Statutory Tax Rate

 

 

 

 

162

 

 

 

21.0

%

State and Local Income Tax, net of Federal Income Tax Effect (1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(27

)

 

 

(3.5

%)

Foreign Tax Effect from Canada:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Statutory tax rate difference between Canada and United States

 

 

 

 

 

 

28

 

 

 

3.6

%

Provincial income tax (2) (3)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(47

)

 

 

(6.1

%)

Non-taxable and non-deductible items:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Commercial restructure (3) (4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(559

)

 

 

(72.6

%)

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

 

 

0.4

%

Effect of Cross-Border Tax Law:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Global intangible low-taxed income

 

 

 

 

 

 

9

 

 

 

1.2

%

Subpart F

 

 

 

 

 

 

(15

)

 

 

(1.9

%)

Unremitted earnings

 

 

 

 

 

 

(11

)

 

 

(1.4

%)

Base erosion and anti-abuse tax

 

 

 

 

 

 

(16

)

 

 

(2.1

%)

Foreign tax credits

 

 

 

 

 

 

(22

)

 

 

(2.9

%)

Tax Credits:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Research & development credits

 

 

 

 

 

 

(59

)

 

 

(7.7

%)

Changes in Valuation Allowance (4)

 

 

 

 

 

 

22

 

 

 

2.9

%

Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits

 

 

 

 

 

 

54

 

 

 

7.0

%

Other

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

 

 

 

0.8

%

Income Tax Expense (Recovery) and Effective Tax Rate

 

 

 

 

 

$

(472

)

 

 

(61.3

%)

 

(1)
Texas represents the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the tax effect.
(2)
Alberta represents the majority (greater than 50 percent) of the tax effect.
(3)
The commercial restructure in Canada resulted in a capital loss utilization with a corresponding reduction of the valuation allowance and the recognition of a net deferred tax asset. In conjunction with the restructure, the Company recognized provincial income tax and a valuation allowance reversal of $520 million ($330 million federal and $190 million provincial).
(4)
The worldwide valuation allowance reversal of $498 million primarily resulted from the commercial restructure in Canada.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, Ovintiv restructured its existing arrangement with a subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation for ownership and development of the Cutbank Ridge lands within the Montney area of British Columbia. This commercial restructure is designed to enhance alignment between the two companies and streamline administrative processes. The tax impact of the restructure is reflected in the table above.

The effective tax rate of (61.3) percent for the year ended December 31, 2025, is lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent primarily due to the recognition of a net deferred tax asset resulting from the commercial restructure discussed above.

 

The income taxes paid (recovered) by the Company are as follows:

 

For the year ended December 31

 

 

 

 

 

2025

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Income Taxes Paid (Recovered), net:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States - Federal

 

 

 

 

 

$

17

 

United States - State (1)

 

 

 

 

 

 

(3

)

Foreign - Canada Federal

 

 

 

 

 

 

36

 

Foreign - Canada Provincial (2)

 

 

 

 

 

 

12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

$

62

 

(1)
Primarily includes taxes paid to (recovered from) Texas.
(2)
Primarily includes taxes paid to (recovered from) Alberta.

 

The following table reconciles income taxes calculated at the applicable statutory rate with the actual income taxes, prior to the prospective adoption of ASU 2023-09.

 

For the years ended December 31

 

2024

 

 

2023

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net Earnings (Loss) Before Income Tax

 

$

1,351

 

 

$

2,510

 

United States Federal Statutory Tax Rate

 

 

21.0

%

 

 

21.0

%

Expected Income Tax Expense (Recovery)

 

 

284

 

 

 

527

 

Effect on Taxes Resulting From:

 

 

 

 

 

 

State income tax

 

 

15

 

 

 

23

 

Income tax related to foreign operations

 

 

(14

)

 

 

20

 

Research & development credits

 

 

(67

)

 

 

(128

)

Non-taxable items

 

 

(5

)

 

 

10

 

Amounts in respect of prior periods

 

 

5

 

 

 

(19

)

U.S. international tax

 

 

40

 

 

 

8

 

Change in valuation allowance

 

 

(45

)

 

 

(18

)

Other

 

 

13

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

$

226

 

 

$

425

 

Effective Tax Rate

 

 

16.7

%

 

 

16.9

%

 

 

During the year ended December 31, 2024, a valuation allowance of $45 million was reversed primarily related to utilization of Canadian net capital losses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, a valuation allowance of $18 million was reversed primarily related to operating losses and utilization of Canadian net capital losses.

The effective tax rate of 16.7 percent for the year ended December 31, 2024, is lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent primarily due to the recognition of U.S. research and development credits.

The effective tax rate of 16.9 percent for the year ended December 31, 2023, is lower than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21 percent primarily due to the recognition of U.S. research and development credits as described above.

The net deferred income tax asset (liability) consists of:

 

As at December 31

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deferred Income Tax Assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Property, plant and equipment

 

 

 

$

732

 

 

$

27

 

Risk management

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

6

 

Interest and other deferred deductions

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

40

 

Net operating and net capital losses carried forward

 

 

 

 

888

 

 

 

1,665

 

General business credits

 

 

 

 

271

 

 

 

200

 

Foreign tax credits

 

 

 

 

22

 

 

 

-

 

CAMT credits

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

 

40

 

Compensation plans

 

 

 

 

46

 

 

 

45

 

Other

 

 

 

 

5

 

 

 

-

 

Less: valuation allowance

 

 

 

 

(765

)

 

 

(1,204

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deferred Income Tax Liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Property, plant and equipment

 

 

 

 

(844

)

 

 

(971

)

Risk management

 

 

 

 

(17

)

 

 

(17

)

Other

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

(23

)

Net Deferred Income Tax Asset (Liability)

 

 

 

$

342

 

 

$

(192

)

 

As at December 31, 2025, Ovintiv has a valuation allowance against certain U.S. state losses in the amount of $29 million (2024 - $29 million), foreign tax credits of $22 million (2024 - nil) and Canadian net capital losses in the amount of $714 million (2024 - $1,175 million) as it is more likely than not that these benefits will not be realized based on expected future taxable earnings as determined in accordance with the Company’s accounting policies.

The net deferred income tax asset (liability) for the following jurisdictions is reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows:

 

As at December 31

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deferred Income Tax Assets

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States

 

 

 

$

-

 

 

$

-

 

Canada

 

 

 

 

744

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

744

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Deferred Income Tax Liabilities

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States

 

 

 

$

(402

)

 

$

(202

)

Canada

 

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

(402

)

 

 

(202

)

Net Deferred Income Tax Asset (Liability)

 

 

 

$

342

 

 

$

(192

)

 

Loss carryforwards and credits available are as follows:

 

As at December 31

 

 

 

2025

 

Expiration Date

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net operating losses (federal)

 

 

 

$

629

 

 

Indefinite

 

General business credits

 

 

 

 

271

 

 

2032 - 2045

 

Foreign tax credits

 

 

 

 

22

 

 

2035

 

CAMT credits

 

 

 

 

2

 

 

Indefinite

 

Canada

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net capital losses

 

 

 

$

3,005

 

 

Indefinite

 

As at December 31, 2025, the Company has recorded a deferred income tax liability of nil (2024 - $11 million) on the undistributed earnings from its foreign investments. As at December 31, 2025, the Company had a taxable temporary difference of approximately $261 million (2024 ‑ $137 million) in respect of unremitted earnings that continue to be permanently reinvested for which a deferred income tax liability of $13 million (2024 - $7 million) has not been

recognized and becomes subject to taxation upon the remittance of dividends. The deferred tax liability considers U.S. federal, state and foreign withholding tax implications.

The following table presents changes in the balance of Ovintiv’s unrecognized tax benefits excluding interest:

 

For the years ended December 31

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Balance, Beginning of Year

 

 

 

$

(246

)

 

$

(187

)

Additions for tax positions taken in the current year

 

 

 

 

(23

)

 

 

(39

)

Additions for tax positions of prior years

 

 

 

 

(32

)

 

 

(24

)

Reductions for tax positions of prior years

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

4

 

Balance, End of Year

 

 

 

$

(300

)

 

$

(246

)

 

The unrecognized tax benefit is reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as follows:

 

As at December 31

 

 

 

2025

 

 

2024

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Income Tax Payable

 

 

 

$

(15

)

 

$

(2

)

Other Liabilities and Provisions

 

 

 

 

(15

)

 

 

(12

)

Deferred Income Tax Liability

 

 

 

 

(270

)

 

 

(232

)

Balance, End of Year

 

 

 

$

(300

)

 

$

(246

)

The Company recognizes tax benefits from uncertain tax positions only if it is more likely than not the tax position will be sustained upon audit by the taxing authorities. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company recorded unrecognized tax benefits of $54 million (2024 - $59 million).

 

If recognized, all of Ovintiv’s unrecognized tax benefits as at December 31, 2025, would affect Ovintiv’s effective income tax rate. The nature of the unrecognized tax benefits is highly uncertain.

Ovintiv may recognize interest accrued in respect of unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense. During 2025, Ovintiv recognized an expense of $1 million (2024 - $1 million; 2023 - nil) in interest expense. As at December 31, 2025, Ovintiv had a liability of $1 million (2024 - $1 million) for interest accrued in respect of unrecognized tax benefits.

Included below is a summary of the tax years, by jurisdiction, that remain statutorily open for examination by the taxing authorities.

 

Jurisdiction

 

 

 

 

 

Taxation Year

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

United States - Federal

 

 

 

 

 

2021 - 2025

 

United States - State

 

 

 

 

 

2019 - 2025

 

Canada - Federal

 

 

 

 

 

2017 - 2025

 

Canada - Provincial

 

 

 

 

 

2017 - 2025

 

Ovintiv and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. and Canada. Issues in dispute for audited years and audits for subsequent years are ongoing and in various stages of completion.

About Income Taxes Disclosures

The income tax disclosure reveals how much a company actually pays in taxes versus what the statutory rate would predict. Analysts focus on the effective tax rate (ETR) reconciliation, which breaks down every item driving the gap between the 21% federal rate and the company's reported ETR — including R&D credits, foreign rate differentials, and state taxes. Deferred tax assets (DTAs) and their valuation allowances signal management's confidence in future profitability: a rising allowance suggests the company doubts it can use accumulated tax benefits. Uncertain tax benefit (UTB) reserves quantify exposure to IRS challenges on aggressive positions.

Key signals to watch: sudden ETR drops without clear operational reasons, large increases in valuation allowances, growing UTB balances, and significant unremitted foreign earnings. Post-TCJA, pay attention to GILTI and BEAT provisions that affect multinational tax structures. Compare the cash taxes paid (from the cash flow statement) against the income tax provision to gauge earnings quality.