Intangible Assets, net and Goodwill
Intangible assets, net and goodwill consist of the following (in millions):
As of December 31,
20252024
GrossAccumulated AmortizationNetGrossAccumulated AmortizationNet
Identifiable assets subject to amortization:
   Franchise agreements$732 $(413)$319 $707 $(369)$338 
Reacquired franchise rights368 (56)312 374 (22)352 
   Favorable leases63 (46)17 74 (53)21 
      Subtotal1,163 (515)648 1,155 (444)711 
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
   Tim Hortons brand
$6,224 $— $6,224 $5,972 $— $5,972 
   Burger King brand
2,147 — 2,147 2,068 — 2,068 
   Popeyes brand
1,355 — 1,355 1,355 — 1,355 
Firehouse Subs brand
816 — 816 816 — 816 
      Subtotal10,542 — 10,542 10,211 — 10,211 
Intangible assets, net$11,190 $10,922 
Goodwill
   TH segment$3,995 $3,841 
   BK segment358 240 
   PLK segment844 844 
   FHS segment194 193 
INTL segment545 377 
RH segment370 491 
      Total$6,306 $5,986 
Amortization expense on intangible assets totaled $69 million for 2025, $58 million for 2024, and $37 million for 2023.
As of December 31, 2024, preliminary goodwill arising from the Carrols Acquisition was reported within the RH segment. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we assigned $362 million and $117 million of goodwill from the Carrols Acquisition to reporting units in the RH and BK segments, respectively. Refer to Note 6, Carrols Acquisition, for a description of goodwill recognized in connection with the Carrols Acquisition. Additionally, during 2025, we assigned $146 million of goodwill from the BK China Acquisition to a reporting unit in the INTL segment. Refer to Note 7, BK China, for a description of goodwill recognized in connection with the BK China Acquisition. The changes in goodwill balances for each segment also reflect the impact of foreign currency translation during 2025.
As of December 31, 2025, the estimated future amortization expense on identifiable assets subject to amortization is as follows (in millions):
Twelve-months ended December 31,Amount
2026$68 
202768 
202867 
202965 
203062 
Thereafter318 
Total$648 

Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Feb 20, 2026Showing above
2024Feb 21, 2025
2023Feb 22, 2024
2022Feb 22, 2023
2021Feb 23, 2022
2020Feb 23, 2021
2019Feb 21, 2020
2018Feb 22, 2019
2017Feb 23, 2018
2016Feb 17, 2017
2015Feb 26, 2016

About Goodwill & Intangibles Disclosures

Goodwill and intangible asset disclosures reveal the premium paid in acquisitions and how management assesses whether that premium retains its value. Since goodwill is no longer amortized under US GAAP, the annual impairment test is the only mechanism that adjusts carrying values downward — making the assumptions behind that test critically important for investors.

Key signals: a history of goodwill impairments suggests management consistently overpays for acquisitions. Watch the gap between reporting unit fair value and carrying amount — when fair value exceeds carrying amount by less than 10-20%, a small decline in business performance could trigger a write-down. For finite-lived intangibles, examine useful life assumptions across customer relationships, technology, and trade names; aggressive estimates inflate near-term earnings. Compare total intangibles-to-total-assets ratios against peers to assess acquisition dependency. Rising goodwill as a percentage of equity can signal balance sheet fragility.