Note 7. Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction
between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP has a three-level hierarchy that prioritizes and ranks
the level of market price observability used in measuring financial instruments at fair value. Market price observability is
impacted by a number of factors, including the type of investment, the characteristics specific to the investment, and the
state of the marketplace (including the existence and transparency of transactions between market participants). The
Company’s valuation techniques for financial instruments use observable and unobservable inputs. Investments with
readily available, actively quoted prices or for which fair value can be measured from actively quoted prices in an
orderly market will generally have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in
measuring fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical
assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements).
Investments measured and reported at fair value are classified and disclosed into one of the following categories:
Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that the Company has the
ability to access.
Level 2 — Pricing inputs are other than quoted prices in active markets, including, but not limited to, quoted prices for
similar assets and liabilities in markets that are active, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets
that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities (such as interest rates,
yield curves, volatilities, prepayment speeds, loss severities, credit risks and default rates) or other market corroborated
inputs.
Level 3 — One or more pricing inputs is significant to the overall valuation and unobservable. Significant unobservable
inputs are based on the best information available in the circumstances, to the extent observable inputs are not available,
including the Company’s own assumptions used in determining the fair value of financial instruments. Fair value for
these investments is determined using valuation methodologies that consider a range of factors including, but not limited
to, the price at which the investment was acquired, the nature of the investment, local market conditions, trading values
on public exchanges for comparable securities, current and projected operating performance, and financing transactions
subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. The inputs into the determination of fair value require significant
management judgment.
Valuation techniques of Level 3 investments vary by instrument type, but are generally based on an income, market or
cost-based approach. The income approach predominantly considers discounted cash flows which is the measure of
expected future cash flows in a default scenario, implied by the value of the underlying collateral, where applicable, and
current performance whereas the market-based approach predominantly considers pull-through rates, industry multiples
and the UPB. Fair value measurements of loans are sensitive to changes in assumptions regarding prepayments,
probability of default, loss severity in the event of default, forecasts of home prices, and significant activity or
developments in the real estate market.
Contingent consideration primarily consists of CVRs issued pursuant to the UDF IV Merger. Pursuant to the Contingent
Value Rights Agreement, dated as of March 13, 2025, by and among the Company and Computershare Inc. and its
affiliate Computershare Trust Company, N.A., on the issuance date following the end of each CVR accrual period, the
Company will issue to the CVR holders, with respect to each CVR, a number of shares of Company common stock equal
to 60% of any cash proceeds received between October 1, 2024 and December 31, 2028 from select loans in excess of
the outstanding amounts of such loans and net of certain costs, divided by the Company’s tangible book value per share,
with cash being paid in lieu of any fractional shares of Company common stock otherwise due to such holder. In
addition, each CVR holder will be entitled to receive (i) an amount in cash equal to the amount of any dividends or other
distributions paid with respect to the number of whole shares of Company common stock received by such holder in
respect of such holder’s CVRs and having a record date on or after the Effective Time and a payment date prior to the
issuance date of such shares of Company common stock (the “Catch-up Dividend Amount”) or (ii) a number of shares of
Company common stock equal to (A) the Catch-up Dividend Amount, divided by (B) the most recently publicly reported
tangible book value per share of Company common stock immediately preceding the issuance date of such shares of
Company common stock and (y) the amount of any dividends or other distributions payable with respect to such shares
of Company common stock and having a record date prior to the issuance date of such Company common stock and a
payment date on or after the relevant issuance date of such Company common stock. The fair value of the contingent
consideration in connection with the UDF IV Merger was determined using a discounted cash flow model which is based
on Level 3 inputs, including estimates of future cash proceeds generated from the underlying collateral of such loans and
discount rate. Fair value measurements of the contingent consideration liability are sensitive to changes in assumptions
related to future cash proceeds and discount rate.
As of December 31, 2025, the CVRs associated with the closing of the UDF IV Merger were valued at approximately
$18.2 million or $1.42 per CVR.
In addition, the fair value of certain contingent consideration in connection with mergers and acquisitions was
determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model which considers various potential results based on Level 3 inputs,
including management’s latest estimates of future operating results. Fair value measurements of the contingent
consideration liability are sensitive to changes in assumptions related to earnings before tax, discount rate and risk-free
rate of return.
The final purchase price allocation associated with the closing of the Mosaic Mergers valued the contingent equity rights
at approximately $25.0 million or $0.83 per contingent equity right. On March 17, 2025, the contingent equity rights
expired with an aggregate consideration of zero.
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may be categorized into different levels of the fair value hierarchy.
In such cases, an investment’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant
to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value
measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the investment.
The table below presents financial instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis.
(in thousands)
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Total
December 31, 2025
Assets:
Money market funds (1)
$136,496
$
$
$136,496
Loans, net
737
737
Loans, held for sale
73,094
73,094
PPP loans (2)
208
208
MBS
34,501
34,501
Derivative instruments
6,740
6,740
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
5,737
5,737
Preferred equity investment (3)
79,887
79,887
Receivable from third party (2)
12,360
12,360
Total assets
$136,496
$114,543
$98,721
$349,760
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments
1,432
1,432
Contingent consideration
18,698
18,698
Total liabilities
$
$1,432
$18,698
$20,130
December 31, 2024
Assets:
Money market funds (1)
$86,637
$
$
$86,637
Loans, net
3,533
3,533
Loans, held for sale
125,781
2,750
128,531
PPP loans (2)
1,340
1,340
MBS
31,006
31,006
Derivative instruments
7,963
7,963
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
6,577
6,577
Preferred equity investment (3)
92,810
92,810
Total assets
$86,637
$166,090
$105,670
$358,397
Liabilities:
Derivative instruments
352
352
Contingent consideration
573
573
Total liabilities
$
$352
$573
$925
(1) Money market funds are included in cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets
(2) Asset is included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets
(3) Preferred equity investment held through consolidated joint ventures is included in assets of consolidated VIEs on the consolidated balance sheets
The table below presents the valuation techniques and significant unobservable inputs used to value Level 3 financial
instruments, using third party information without adjustment.
(in thousands)
Fair Value
Predominant Valuation
Technique (1)
Type
Range
Weighted Average
December 31, 2025
Assets:
Investment in unconsolidated joint
ventures
$5,737
Income Approach
Discount rate
9.0%
9.0%
Preferred equity investment
79,887
Income Approach
Discount rate
12.0%
12.0%
Receivable from third party
12,360
Income Approach
Debt Yield | Capitalization
Rate
7.3% | 6.0%
7.3% | 6.0%
Total assets
$97,984
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration- Madison One
$526
Monte Carlo Simulation
Model
Net income volatility | Risk-
adjusted discount rate
64.0% | 50.8%
64.0% | 50.8%
Contingent consideration - UDF
18,172
Distributable Cash Flow
Approach
Discount factor
18.0%
18.0%
Total liabilities
$18,698
December 31, 2024
Assets:
Investment in unconsolidated joint
ventures
$6,577
Income Approach
Discount rate
9.0%
9.0%
Preferred equity investment
92,810
Income Approach
Discount rate
12.0%
12.0%
Total assets
$99,387
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration- Madison One
$573
Monte Carlo Simulation
Model
Net income volatility | Risk-
adjusted discount rate
66.0% | 44.3%
66.0% | 44.3%
Total liabilities
$573
(1) Prices are weighted based on the UPB of the loans and securities included in the range for each class.
Included within Level 3 assets of $98.7 million as of December 31, 2025 and $105.7 million as of December 31, 2024, is
$0.7 million and $6.3 million, respectively, of transaction prices in which quantitative unobservable inputs are not
developed by the Company when measuring fair value.
The table below presents a summary of changes in fair value for Level 3 assets and liabilities.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
2025
2024
Assets:
Loans, net
Beginning balance
$3,533
$9,348
Purchases or Originations
383
Sales / Principal payments
(1,385)
Unrealized gains (losses), net
(1,411)
(1,021)
Mergers and acquisitions (2)
4,851
Transfer to (from) Level 3
(10,028)
Ending balance
$737
$3,533
Loans, held for sale
Beginning balance
2,750
Sales / Principal payments
(4,009)
Unrealized gains (losses), net
10
(2,386)
Transfer to (from) Level 3
(2,760)
9,145
Ending balance
$
$2,750
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures
Beginning balance
6,577
7,360
Unrealized gains (losses), net
(840)
(783)
Ending balance
$5,737
$6,577
Preferred equity investment (1)
Beginning balance
92,810
108,423
Unrealized gains (losses), net
(12,923)
(15,613)
Ending balance
$79,887
$92,810
Receivable from third party
Beginning balance
Additions
12,360
Ending balance
$12,360
$
Total assets
Beginning balance
105,670
125,131
Purchases or Originations
383
Additions
12,360
Sales / Principal payments
(1,385)
(4,009)
Unrealized gains (losses), net
(15,164)
(19,803)
Mergers and acquisitions (2)
4,851
Transfer to (from) Level 3
(2,760)
(883)
Ending balance
$98,721
$105,670
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration
Beginning balance
573
7,628
Realized (gains) losses, net
(9,109)
Unrealized (gains) losses, net
2,716
(1,872)
Mergers and acquisitions (2)
15,409
3,926
Ending balance
$18,698
$573
(1)Preferred equity investment held through consolidated joint ventures is included in assets of consolidated VIE's on the consolidated balance sheets.
(2)Includes assets acquired and liabilities assumed as a result of the UDF IV Merger in 2025 and the Funding Circle Acquisition in 2024. Refer to Note 5 for further details
on assets acquired and liabilities assumed in connection with the UDF IV Merger and Funding Circle Acquisition.
The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers in and transfers out as of the end of the period of the event or the date of
the change in circumstances that caused the transfer. Transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 generally relate to whether
there were changes in the significant relevant observable and unobservable inputs that are available for the fair value
measurements of such financial instruments.
Financial instruments not carried at fair value
The table below presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of financial instruments that are not carried at fair
value and are classified as Level 3.
December 31, 2025
December 31, 2024
(in thousands)
Carrying Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Assets:
Loans, net
$5,193,640
$5,022,286
$8,304,677
$8,426,700
Loans, held for sale
637,833
637,833
113,095
113,095
Servicing rights
126,279
143,179
128,440
141,513
Total assets
$5,957,752
$5,803,298
$8,546,212
$8,681,308
Liabilities:
Secured borrowings
2,788,926
2,788,926
2,035,176
2,035,176
Securitized debt obligations of consolidated VIEs, net
1,174,785
1,150,551
3,580,513
3,532,765
Senior secured notes, net
722,729
711,705
437,847
421,427
Guaranteed loan financing
524,091
550,556
691,118
724,747
Corporate debt, net
652,487
617,477
895,265
865,380
Total liabilities
$5,863,018
$5,819,215
$7,639,919
$7,579,495
As of both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, other assets and accounts payable and accrued liabilities are not
carried at fair value but generally approximate fair value. Further details are presented in Note 18 – Other Assets and
Other Liabilities.
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Historical Timeline

Fiscal YearFiled
2025Mar 2, 2026Showing above
2024Mar 3, 2025
2023Feb 28, 2024
2022Feb 28, 2023
2021Feb 28, 2022
2020Mar 15, 2021
2019Mar 12, 2020
2018Mar 13, 2019
2017Mar 16, 2018
2016Mar 15, 2017
2015Mar 10, 2016

About Fair Value Disclosures

Fair value disclosures classify all assets and liabilities measured at fair value into a three-level hierarchy: Level 1 (quoted market prices), Level 2 (observable inputs like yield curves), and Level 3 (unobservable inputs requiring management estimates). The proportion of Level 3 assets directly reflects how much of the balance sheet depends on internal models rather than market evidence.

Key signals: a growing Level 3 balance relative to total fair-value assets increases valuation uncertainty and earnings volatility risk. Watch for transfers between levels — assets moving from Level 2 to Level 3 often signal deteriorating market liquidity. Unrealized gains and losses on Level 3 positions flow through earnings or other comprehensive income, so large swings deserve scrutiny. For financial institutions, examine the sensitivity disclosures that show how Level 3 valuations change under alternative assumptions. Compare the fair value of debt against its carrying amount to gauge hidden leverage.