3.   LOSS PER SHARE

 

Basic and diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss for the period by the weighted average number of common shares and pre-funded warrants outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share includes potentially dilutive securities such as stock, and options, warrants to purchase common stock (excluding warrants that are exercisable for $0.0001 per warrant) unless the result of inclusion would be anti-dilutive. These securities have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, because all such securities are anti-dilutive for all periods presented.

 

The components of basic and diluted net loss per share were as follows:

 

   

Year Ended December 31,

 
   

2024

   

2023

 

Numerator:

               

Net loss

  $ (29,918,802 )   $ (39,260,837 )

Denominator:

               

Weighted-average common shares outstanding – basic and diluted

    33,147,424       23,798,203  

Net loss per share – basic and diluted

  $ (0.90 )   $ (1.65 )

 

The following table summarizes the Company’s potentially dilutive securities, in common share equivalents, which have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive:

 

   

Year Ended December 31,

 
   

2024

   

2023

 

Shares issuable upon exercise of stock options

    2,559,440       1,580,574  

Shares issuable upon exercise of warrants to purchase common stock (excluding 1,968,765 warrants that are exercisable for $0.0001 per warrant as of December 2024 and 2023)

    45,782,603       20,883,869  
      48,342,043       22,464,443  

 

The diluted net loss per share computation equals basic net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 because the Company had a net loss and the impact of the assumed exercise of stock options and certain warrants would be anti-dilutive.

About Earnings Per Share Disclosures

The earnings per share disclosure breaks down the calculation from net income to both basic and diluted EPS, revealing the full impact of a company's capital structure on per-share economics. The reconciliation between basic and diluted share counts exposes how many stock options, RSUs, convertible securities, and warrants are potentially dilutive to existing shareholders.

Key signals: a widening gap between basic and diluted shares indicates growing dilution from equity compensation or convertible instruments. Anti-dilutive securities excluded from the diluted calculation deserve attention — they represent latent dilution that will materialize if the stock price rises. Watch for the effect of share buybacks on per-share metrics: EPS growth driven primarily by repurchases rather than income growth signals weakening fundamentals. Compare year-over-year changes in the diluted share count against equity compensation expense to assess whether management is effectively managing dilution.